Automotive Fuel Standards
Automotive fuel standards deal with the content of automotive fuels, addressing specifications and methods for determining, evaluating, and testing the content of automotive fuels, and its compatibility with specific engine types. Special attention is given to sulfur content. With standards developed by SAE, ASTM, and ISO, automotive fuel standards are incredibly important because of the sheer amount of permutations arising between fuel suppliers, fuel distributers, major car makers, other automotive parts manufacturers, and users.
SAE J 312-2019
Automotive Gasolines
This SAE Recommended Practice summarizes the composition of modern automotive gasolines, the significance of their physical and chemical characteristics, and the pertinent test methods for defining or evaluating these properties.
SAE J 1829-2015 (SAE J1829-2015)
Stoichiometric Air-Fuel Ratios of Automotive Fuels
The mass of air required to burn a unit mass of fuel with no excess of oxygen or fuel left over is known as the stoichiometric air-fuel ratio. This ratio varies appreciably over the wide range of fuels - gasolines, diesel fuels, and alternative fuels - that might be considered for use in automotive engines. Although performance of engines operating on different fuels may be compared at the same air-fuel ratio or same fuel-air ratio, it is more appropriate to compare operation at the same equivalence ratio, for which a knowledge of stoichiometric air-fuel ratio is a prerequisite. This SAE Recommended Practice summarizes the computation of stoichiometric air-fuel ratios from a knowledge of a composition of air and the elemental composition of the fuel without a need for any information on the molecular weight of the fuel.
ASTM D7794-21
Standard Practice for Blending Mid-Level Ethanol Fuel Blends for Flexible-Fuel Vehicles with Automotive Spark-Ignition Engines
1.1 This practice applies to the blending of automotive spark-ignition engine fuels with ethanol concentrations greater than those suitable for conventional-fuel vehicles and less than the minimum ethanol content specification limits of Specification D5798 . These mid-level ethanol fuel blends are for use in flexible-fuel vehicles and are sometimes referred to at retail as “Ethanol Flex Fuel.†1.2 These mid-level ethanol fuel blends are only suitable for use in ground flexible-fuel vehicles equipped with spark-ignition engines. Flexible-fuel vehicles are designed to operate on gasoline or gasoline-ethanol blends that meet the requirements of Specification D4814 , ethanol fuel blends that meet the requirements of Specification D5798 , or any combination of these. In the United States, these vehicles are certified by the U.S. EPA as emissions compliant with these types of fuels. 1.3 The mid-level ethanol fuel blend shall be blended from either: 1.3.1 Denatured fuel ethanol conforming to the requirements of Specification D4806 with a reduced limit on inorganic chloride content that will ensure no more than 1 mg/kg inorganic chloride in the finished fuel and from spark-ignition engine fuel conforming to Specification D4814 (often at a distribution terminal or bulk plant), or 1.3.2 Ethanol fuel blends conforming to Specification D5798 and from spark-ignition engine fuel conforming to Specification D4814 (often at a retail site). 1.4 This practice describes the required procedures for blending various mid-level ethanol fuel blends for flexible-fuel vehicles at the bulk distribution point or retail/commercial delivery site. These requirements may be applied at other points in the production and distribution system when provided by agreement between the purchaser and the supplier. 1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
ISO 19078:2013
Gas cylinders - Inspection of the cylinder installation, and requalification of high pressure cylinders for the on-board storage of natural gas as a fuel for automotive vehicles
ISO 19078:2013 specifies the requirements for the inspection, installation and requalification of high pressure cylinders, designed and manufactured in accordance with the requirements of ISO 11439, for the on-board storage of natural gas as a fuel for automotive vehicles. It provides criteria, in the absence of guidance from the cylinder or vehicle manufacturer, for the acceptance (including any allowed rework) or rejection (including any allowed rework or destruction) of a cylinder and its installation.
ISO 11439:2013
Gas cylinders - High pressure cylinders for the on-board storage of natural gas as a fuel for automotive vehicles
ISO 11439:2013 specifies minimum requirements for light-weight refillable gas cylinders intended only for the on-board storage of high pressure compressed natural gas as a fuel for automotive vehicles to which the cylinders are to be fixed. The service conditions do not cover external loadings that can arise from vehicle collisions, etc. ISO 11439:2013 covers cylinders of any seamless steel, seamless aluminium alloy or non-metallic material construction, using any design or method of manufacture suitable for the specified service conditions. It does not cover cylinders of stainless steel. ISO 11439:2013 uses 200 bar as a reference working pressure, but other working pressures can be used. Cylinders covered by ISO 11439:2013 are designated Type 1, Type 2, Type 3 and Type 4.
ISO 20846:2019
Petroleum products - Determination of sulfur content of automotive fuels - Ultraviolet fluorescence method
This document specifies an ultraviolet (UV) fluorescence test method for the determination of the sulfur content of the following products: having sulfur contents in the range 3 mg/kg to 500 mg/kg, motor gasolines containing up to 3,7 % ( m / m ) oxygen [including those blended with ethanol up to about 10 % ( V / V )], diesel fuels, including those containing up to about 30 % ( V / V ) fatty acid methyl ester (FAME), having sulfur contents in the range of 3 mg/kg to 45 mg/kg, synthetic fuels, such as hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO) and gas to liquid (GTL). Other products can be analysed and other sulfur contents can be determined according to this test method, however, no precision data for products other than automotive fuels and for results outside the specified range have been established for this document. Halogens interfere with this detection technique at concentrations above approximately 3 500 mg/kg. NOTE 1 Some process catalysts used in petroleum and chemical refining can be poisoned when trace amounts of sulfur-bearing materials are contained in the feedstocks. NOTE 2 This test method can be used to determine sulfur in process feeds and can also be used to control sulfur in effluents. NOTE 3 For the purposes of this document, % ( m/m ) and % ( V/V ) are used to represent the mass fraction, w, and the volume fraction, , of a material respectively. NOTE 4 Sulfate species in ethanol do not have the same conversion factor of organic sulfur in ethanol. Nevertheless, sulfates have a conversion factor close to that of organic sulfur. NOTE 5 Nitrogen interference can occur, see 6.5 for further guidance.
ISO 20847:2004
Petroleum products - Determination of sulfur content of automotive fuels - Energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry
ISO 20847:2004 specifies an energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) test method for the determination of the sulfur content of motor gasolines, including those containing up to 2,7 % ( m/m ) oxygen, and of diesel fuels, including those containing up to 5 % ( V/V ) fatty acid methylester (FAME), having sulfur contents in the range 30 mg/kg to 500 mg/kg. Other products may be analysed and other sulfur contents may be determined according to this test method, however, no precision data for products other than automotive fuels and for results outside the specified range have been established for ISO 20847:2004. For reasons of spectral overlap, ISO 20847:2004 is not applicable to leaded motor gasolines, lead-replacement gasolines containing 8 mg/kg potassium to 20 mg/kg potassium, or to products and feedstocks containing lead, silicon, phosporus, calcium, potassium or halides at concentrations greater than one-tenth of the concentration of sulfur measured.
ISO 20884:2019
Petroleum products - Determination of sulfur content of automotive fuels - Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry
This document specifies a wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) test method for the determination of the sulfur content of liquid, homogeneous automotive fuels from 5 mg/kg to 500 mg/kg, which have a maximum oxygen content of 3,7 % ( m/m ). This product range covers: diesel fuels containing up to about 30 % ( V/V ) fatty acid methyl esters (FAME), motor gasolines containing up to about 10 % ( V/V ) ethanol, synthetic fuels such as hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO) and gas to liquid (GTL) having sulfur contents in the range of 5 mg/kg to 45 mg/kg. Products with higher oxygen content show significant matrix effects, e.g. pure FAME used as biodiesel, nevertheless, pure FAME can be analysed when the corresponding procedures are followed (see 5.3 and 8.1). Other products can be analysed with this test method, though precision data for products other than those mentioned have not been established for this document. NOTE 1 Sulfur contents higher than 500 mg/kg can be determined after sample dilution, however, the precision was not established for diluted samples. NOTE 2 For the purposes of this document, % ( m/m ) and % ( V/V ) are used to represent the mass fraction, w, and the volume fraction, , of a material respectively.
ISO 22854:2021
Liquid petroleum products - Determination of hydrocarbon types and oxygenates in automotive-motor gasoline and in ethanol (E85) automotive fuel - Multidimensional gas chromatography method
This document specifies the gas chromatographic (GC) method for the determination of saturated, olefinic and aromatic hydrocarbons in automotive motor gasoline and ethanol (E85) automotive fuel. Additionally, the benzene and toluene content, oxygenated compounds and the total oxygen content can be determined. NOTE 1 For the purposes of this document, the terms % ( m/m ) and % ( V/V ) are used to represent respectively the mass fraction, w , and the volume fraction, φ . This document defines two procedures, A and B. Procedure A is applicable to automotive motor gasoline with total aromatics of 19,32 % ( V/V ) up to 46,29 % ( V/V ); total olefins from 0,40 % ( V/V ) up to 26,85 % ( V/V ); oxygenates from 0,61 % ( V/V ) up to 9,85 % ( V/V ); oxygen content from 1,50 % ( m/m ) to 12,32 % ( m/m ); benzene content from 0,38 % ( V/V ) up to 1,98 % ( V/V ) and toluene content from 5,85 % ( V/V ) up to 31,65 % ( V/V ). The method has also been tested for individual oxygenates. A precision has been determined for a total volume of methanol from 1,05 % ( V/V ) up to 16,96 % ( V/V ); a total volume of ethanol from 0,50 % ( V/V ) up to 17,86 % ( V/V ); a total volume of MTBE from 0,99 % ( V/V ) up to 15,70 % ( V/V ), a total volume of ETBE from 0,99 % ( V/V ) up to 15,49 % ( V/V ), a total volume of TAME from 0,99 % ( V/V ) up to 5,92 % ( V/V ), and a total volume of TAEE from 0,98 % ( V/V ) up to 15,59 % ( V/V ). Although this test method can be used to determine higher-olefin contents of up to 50 % ( V/V ), the precision for olefins was tested only in the range from 0,40 % ( V/V ) to 26,85 % ( V/V ). Although specifically developed for the analysis of automotive motor gasoline that contains oxygenates, this test method can also be applied to other hydrocarbon streams having similar boiling ranges, such as naphthas and reformates. NOTE 2 For Procedure A, applicability of this document has also been verified for the determination of n -propanol, acetone, and di-isopropyl ether (DIPE). However, no precision data have been determined for these compounds. Procedure B describes the analysis of oxygenated groups (ethanol, methanol, ethers, C3 – C5 alcohols) in ethanol (E85) automotive fuel containing ethanol between 50 % ( V/V ) and 85 % ( V/V ). The gasoline is diluted with an oxygenate-free component to lower the ethanol content to a value below 20 % ( V/V ) before the analysis by GC. The sample can be fully analysed including hydrocarbons. Precision data for the diluted sample are only available for the oxygenated groups. NOTE 3 For Procedure B, the precision can be used for an ethanol fraction from about 50 % up to 85 % ( V/V ). For the ether fraction, the precision as specified in Table 6 can be used for samples containing at least 11 % ( V/V ) of ethers. For the higher alcohol fraction, too few data were obtained to derive a full precision statement and the data presented in Table 6 are therefore only indicative. NOTE 4 An overlap between C9 and C10 aromatics can occur. However, the total is accurate. Isopropyl benzene is resolved from the C8 aromatics and is included with the other C9 aromatics.
ASTM D4806-21a
Standard Specification for Denatured Fuel Ethanol for Blending with Gasolines for Use as Automotive Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel
1.1 This specification covers nominally anhydrous denatured fuel ethanol intended to be blended with unleaded or leaded gasolines at 1 % to 15 % by volume for use as automotive spark-ignition engine fuel covered by Specification D4814 as well as other fuel applications or specifications involving ethanol. The significance of this specification is shown in Appendix X1 . 1.2 Jurisdictions may vary in their regulatory requirements for the allowable or prohibited types of denaturants, chemical composition of the denaturant or concentration of denaturant needed to denature the ethanol. The user is advised to check with the national and regional regulatory agencies where the ethanol is denatured and used. 1.2.1 Specific regulatory requirements for denatured fuel ethanol and acceptable denaturants from various jurisdictions are given in Appendixes for information. 1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. 1.3.1 Exception - Values given in parentheses are provided for information only. Non-SI units are shown in the Appendix if they are in a direct quotation from government regulations. In most cases, U.S. federal regulations specify non-SI units. 1.4 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the method modification in 8.7 of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
ASTM D4814-21c
Standard Specification for Automotive Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel
1.1 This specification covers the establishment of requirements of liquid automotive fuels for ground vehicles equipped with spark-ignition engines. 1.2 This specification describes various characteristics of automotive fuels for use over a wide range of operating conditions. It provides for a variation of the volatility and water tolerance of automotive fuel in accordance with seasonal climatic changes at the locality where the fuel is used. For the period May 1 through September 15, the maximum vapor pressure limits issued by the United States (U.S.) Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) are specified for each geographical area except Alaska, Hawaii, and the U.S. Territories. Variation of the antiknock index with seasonal climatic changes and altitude is discussed in Appendix X1 . This specification neither necessarily includes all types of fuels that are satisfactory for automotive vehicles, nor necessarily excludes fuels that can perform unsatisfactorily under certain operating conditions or in certain equipment. The significance of each of the properties of this specification is shown in Appendix X1 . 1.3 The spark-ignition engine fuels covered in this specification are gasoline and its blends with oxygenates, such as alcohols and ethers and where gasoline is the primary component by volume in the blend. The concentrations and types of oxygenates are not specifically limited in this specification. The composition of both unleaded and leaded fuel is limited by economic, legal, and technical consideration, but their properties, including volatility, are defined by this specification. In many countries, regulatory authorities having jurisdiction have set laws and regulations that limit the concentration of oxygenates and certain other compounds found in spark-ignition engine fuel. In the United States, oxygenate types and concentrations are limited to those approved under the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) substantially similar rule (see X3.3.1 ), waivers, and partial waivers including some restrictions on vehicle and equipment use (see X3.3.2 ). With regard to fuel properties, including volatility, this specification can be more or less restrictive than the EPA rules, regulations, and waivers. Refer to Appendix X3 for discussions of EPA rules relating to fuel volatility, lead and phosphorous contents, sulfur content, benzene content, deposit control additive certification, and use of oxygenates in blends with unleaded gasoline. Contact the EPA for the latest versions of the rules and additional requirements. 1.4 This specification does not address the emission characteristics of reformulated spark-ignition engine fuel. Reformulated spark-ignition engine fuel is required in some areas to lower emissions from automotive vehicles, and its characteristics are described in Monograph 12 (MONO12) on reformulated spark-ignition engine fuel. 2 However, in addition to the legal requirements found in MONO12, reformulated spark-ignition engine fuel should meet the performance requirements found in this specification. 1.5 This specification represents a description of automotive fuel as of the date of publication. The specification is under continuous review, which can result in revisions based on changes in fuel, automotive requirements, or test methods, or a combination thereof. All users of this specification, therefore, should refer to the latest edition. Note 1: If there is any doubt as to the latest edition of Specification D4814 , contact ASTM International Headquarters. 1.6 The type of fuel under consideration must first be identified in order to select applicable tests. Test Method D4815 provides a procedure for determining oxygenate concentration in mass percent. Test Method D4815 also includes procedures for calculating mass oxygen content and oxygenate concentration in volume percent. Appendix X4 provides a procedure for calculating the mass oxygen content of a fuel using measured oxygenate type, oxygenate concentration in volume percent, and measured density or relative density of the fuel. 1.7 The following applies to all specified limits in this standard: For purposes of determining conformance with these specifications, an observed value or a calculated value shall be rounded "to the nearest unit" in the right-most significant digit used in expressing the specification limit, in accordance with the rounding method of Practice E29 . For a specification limit expressed as an integer, a trailing zero is significant only if the decimal point is specified. For a specified limit expressed as an integer, and the right-most digit is non-zero, the right-most digit is significant without a decimal point being specified. This convention applies to specified limits in Tables 1, 3, and X8.1, and it will not be observed in the remainder of this specification. 1.8 The values stated in SI units are the standard, except when other units are specified by U.S. federal regulation. Values given in parentheses are provided for information only. Note 2: Many of the values shown in Table 1 were originally developed using U.S. customary units and were subsequently soft-converted to SI values. As a result, conversion of the SI values will sometimes differ slightly from the U.S. customary values shown because of round-off. In some cases, U.S. federal regulations specify non-SI units. 1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.10 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
ASTM D5797-21
Standard Specification for Methanol Fuel Blends (M51"“M85) for Methanol-Capable Automotive Spark-Ignition Engines
1.1 This specification covers the requirements for automotive fuel blends of methanol and gasoline for use in ground vehicles equipped with methanol-capable flexible-fuel, and dedicated methanol spark-ignition engines. Fuel produced to this specification contains 51 % to 85 % by volume methanol. This fuel is sometimes referred to at retail as "M85." Appendix X1 discusses the significance of the properties specified. Appendix X2 presents the current status in the development of a luminosity test procedure (flame visibility) for methanol fuel blends (M51"“M85). 1.2 The vapor pressure of methanol fuel blends is varied for seasonal climatic changes. Vapor pressure is increased at lower temperatures to ensure adequate vehicle operability and safety. Methanol content and selection of gasoline blendstocks are adjusted by the blender to meet these vapor pressure requirements. 1.3 The United States government has established various programs for alternative fuels. Many of the definitions of alternative fuel used by these programs can be more or less restrictive than the requirements of this specification. See Annex A1 for additional information on alternative fuels containing methanol. 1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. 1.4.1 Exception - Non-SI units are provided for information only. In most cases, U.S. federal regulations specify non-SI units. 1.5 The following precautionary caveat pertains only to the test method portions"“ Appendix X2 of this specification. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
ASTM D5798-21
Standard Specification for Ethanol Fuel Blends for Flexible-Fuel Automotive Spark-Ignition Engines
1.1 This specification covers the requirements for automotive fuel blends of ethanol and gasoline for use in ground vehicles equipped with ethanol fuel blend flexible-fuel spark-ignition engines. Fuel produced to this specification contains 51 % to 83 % by volume ethanol. This fuel is for use in flexible-fuel vehicles and is sometimes referred to at retail as "Ethanol Flex-Fuel." Appendix X1 discusses the significance of the properties specified. 1.2 The vapor pressure of ethanol fuel blends is varied for seasonal climatic changes. Vapor pressure is increased at lower temperatures to ensure adequate flexible-fuel vehicle operability. Ethanol content and selection of hydrocarbon blendstock are adjusted by the blender to meet these vapor pressure requirements. 1.3 This specification formerly covered Fuel Ethanol (Ed70-Ed85) for Automotive Spark-Ignition Engines, also known commercially as E85. The nomenclature "fuel ethanol" has been changed to "ethanol fuel blends" to distinguish this product from denatured fuel ethanol Specification D4806 . To facilitate blending of ethanol fuel blends that meet seasonal vapor pressure requirements, a new lower minimum ethanol content has been established. 1.4 The United States government has established various programs for alternative fuels. Many of the definitions of alternative fuel used by these programs may be more restrictive than the requirements of this specification. See 4.1.2.1 for additional information on alternative fuels containing ethanol. 1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard. 1.6 The following safety hazard caveat pertains only to the test method portion, 8.1.8 , of this specification. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
ASTM D5983-21
Standard Specification for Methyl Tertiary-Butyl Ether (MTBE) for Blending With Gasolines for Use as Automotive Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel
1.1 This specification covers requirements for fuel grade methyl tertiary -butyl ether utilized in blending with gasolines at 1 % to 15 % by volume (equivalent to 2.7 % by weight oxygen) for use as automotive spark-ignition engine fuel covered by Specification D4814 as well as other automotive fuel applications involving MTBE. Other MTBE grades may be available for blending that are not covered by this specification. 1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
ASTM D5500-20a
Standard Test Method for Vehicle Evaluation of Unleaded Automotive Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel for Intake Valve Deposit Formation
1.1 This test method covers a vehicle test procedure for evaluation of intake valve deposit formation of unleaded spark-ignition engine fuels. This test method uses a 1985 model BMW 318i 2 vehicle. Mileage is accumulated following a specified driving schedule on either public road or test track. This test method is adapted from the original BMW of North America/Southwest Research Institute Intake Valve Deposit test and maintains as much commonality as possible with the original test. Chassis dynamometers shall not be used for this test procedure as the BMW NA/SwRI IVD Test was not intended to be applicable to chassis dynamometers and no correlation between road operation and chassis dynamometers has been established. Note 1: If there is any doubt as to the latest edition of Test Method D5500 , contact ASTM International. 1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific statements on hazards are given throughout this test method. 1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
ASTM D5598-20
Standard Test Method for Evaluating Unleaded Automotive Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel for Electronic Port Fuel Injector Fouling
1.1 This test method covers a vehicle test procedure to evaluate the tendency of an unleaded spark-ignition engine fuel to foul electronic port fuel injectors (PFI). 1.2 The test method is applicable to unleaded spark-ignition engine fuels which may contain antioxidants, corrosion inhibitors, metal deactivators, dyes, deposit control additives, and oxygenates. 1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are provided for information only. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given throughout this test method. Note 1: If there is any doubt as to the latest edition of Test Method D5598 , contact ASTM Headquarters. Other properties of significance to spark-ignition engine fuel are described in Specification D4814 . 1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
ASTM D6421-20
Standard Test Method for Evaluating Automotive Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel for Electronic Port Fuel Injector Fouling by Bench Procedure
1.1 This test method covers a bench test procedure to evaluate the tendency of automotive spark-ignition engine fuel to foul electronic port fuel injectors (PFI). The test method utilizes a bench apparatus equipped with Bosch injectors specified for use in a 1985-1987 Chrysler 2.2 L turbocharged engine. This test method is based on a test procedure developed by the Coordinating Research Council (CRC) for prediction of the tendency of spark-ignition engine fuel to form deposits in the small metering clearances of injectors in a port fuel injection engine (see CRC Report No. 592). 2 1.2 The test method is applicable to spark-ignition engine fuels, which may contain antioxidants, corrosion inhibitors, metal deactivators, dyes, deposit control additives, demulsifiers, or oxygenates, or a combination thereof. 1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given throughout this test method. Note 1: If there is any doubt as to the latest edition of Test Method D6421 , contact ASTM International Headquarters. Other properties of significance to spark-ignition engine fuel are described in Specification D4814 . 1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
ASTM D7212-13(2018)
Standard Test Method for Low Sulfur in Automotive Fuels by Energy-Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry Using a Low-Background Proportional Counter
1.1 This test method specifies an energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) method for the determination of the total sulfur content of automotive fuels with a concentration range from 7 mg/kg to 50 mg/kg. 1.1.1 The pooled limit of quantitation of this test method as obtained by statistical analysis of interlaboratory test results is 7 mg/kg sulfur. 1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The preferred concentration units are mg/kg sulfur. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
ASTM D7220-12(2017)
Standard Test Method for Sulfur in Automotive, Heating, and Jet Fuels by Monochromatic Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry
1.1 This test method specifies an energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) method for the determination of total sulfur in automotive, No. 2 heating, and jet fuels with a concentration range of 3 mg/kg to 942 mg/kg. 1.2 A fundamental assumption in this test method is that the standard and sample matrix is well matched. Matrix mismatch can be caused by C/H ratio differences between samples and standards or by the presence of other heteroatoms. 1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
ASTM D7667-21
Standard Test Method for Determination of Corrosiveness to Silver by Automotive Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel - Thin Silver Strip Method
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the corrosiveness to silver by automotive spark-ignition engine fuel (for example, gasoline), as defined by Specification D4814 or similar specifications in other jurisdictions, having a vapor pressure no greater than 124 kPa (18 psi) at 37.8 °C (100 °F) by one of two procedures. 1.1.1 Procedure A - Involves the use of a pressure vessel. 1.1.2 Procedure B - Involves the use of a vented test tube. 1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are for information only. 1.3 WARNING - Mercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous substance that can cause serious medical issues. Mercury, or its vapor, has been demonstrated to be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Use caution when handling mercury and mercury-containing products. See the applicable product Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for additional information. The potential exists that selling mercury or mercury-containing products, or both, is prohibited by local or national law. Users must determine legality of sales in their location. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
ASTM D7671-21
Standard Test Method for Corrosiveness to Silver by Automotive Spark"“Ignition Engine Fuel"“Silver Strip Method
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the corrosiveness to silver by automotive spark-ignition engine fuel, as defined by Specification D4814 , or similar specifications in other jurisdictions, having a vapor pressure no greater than 124 kPa (18 psi) at 37.8 °C (100 °F), by one of two procedures. Procedure A involves the use of a pressure vessel, whereas Procedure B involves the use of a vented test tube. 1.2 The result of the test is based on a visual rating that is classified as an integer in the range from 0 to 4 as defined in Table 1 . 1.3 Warning - Mercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous substance that can cause serious medical issues. Mercury, or its vapor, has been demonstrated to be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Use caution when handling mercury and mercury-containing products. See the applicable product Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for additional information. The potential exists that selling mercury or mercury-containing products, or both, is prohibited by local or national law. Users must determine legality of sales in their location. 1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are for information only. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see 6.1 and Section 7 . 1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
ASTM D7754-19
Standard Test Method for Determination of Trace Oxygenates in Automotive Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel by Multidimensional Gas Chromatography
1.1 This test method covers the determination of trace oxygenates in automotive spark-ignition engine fuel. The method used is a multidimensional gas chromatographic method using 1,2-dimethoxy ethane as the internal standard. The oxygenates that are analyzed are: methyl-tertiary butyl ether (MTBE), ethyl-tertiary butyl ether (ETBE), diisopropyl ether (DIPE), methanol, tertiary-amyl methyl ether (TAME), n-propanol, i-propanol, n-butanol, i-butanol, tert-butyl alcohol, sec-butyl alcohol, and tert-pentanol. Ethanol is usually not measured as a trace oxygenate since ethanol can be used as the main oxygenate compound in finished automotive spark-ignition fuels such as reformulated automotive spark-ignition fuels. The concentration range of the oxygenates covered in the ILS study was from 10 mg/kg to 2000 mg/kg. In addition this method is also suitable for the measurement of the C5 isomeric alcohols (2-methyl-1-butanol, 2-methyl-2-butanol) present from the fermentation of ethanol. 1.2 The ethanol blending concentration for which this test method applies ranges from 1 % to 15% by volume. Higher concentrations of ethanol coelute with methanol in the analytical column. Lower levels of ethanol, similar to the other oxygenate, can be calibrated and analyzed also. If higher ethanol concentrations are expected, the window cutting technique can be used to avoid ethanol from entering the analytical column and interfere with the determination of the other oxygenates of interest. Refer to Appendix X1 for details. 1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.3.1 Alternative units, in common usage, are also provided to increase clarity and aid the users of this test method. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
ISO 12991:2012
Liquefied natural gas (LNG) - Tanks for on-board storage as a fuel for automotive vehicles
ISO 12991:2012 specifies the construction requirements for refillable fuel tanks for liquefied natural gas (LNG) used in vehicles as well as the testing methods required to ensure that a reasonable level of protection from loss of life and property resulting from fire and explosion is provided. It is applicable to fuel tanks intended to be permanently attached to land vehicles but can be used as a guide for other modes of transport.
ISO 20826:2006
Automotive LPG components - Containers
ISO 20826:2006 specifies the technical requirements for the design and the testing of automotive Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) containers, to be permanently attached to a motor vehicle which uses automotive LPG as a fuel. The technical requirements cover the design criteria, the requirements on construction and workmanship, the marking and re-qualification procedures. ISO 20826:2006 also covers all tests, including their frequencies, to be carried out on autogas containers, during production and performance verification. Specific recommendations are also given on the tests to be carried out when changing the design.
