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Steel particle testing standards are published by ASTM, MSS, BS, ISO, and SAE. ASTM standards cover standard test methods and specifications for determining inclusion content, steel castings sampling, and classifying inclusions in steel using scanning electron microscopes. MSS SP-53 covers the quality standard for steel castings and forgings for piping components. ISO 3763 covers macroscopic methods for assessing content of non-metallic inclusions for wrought steel. SAE standards coverbars forging, and mechanical tubing in a variety of configurations and chemistries.

ASTM E45-18a

Standard Test Methods for Determining the Inclusion Content of Steel

1.1 These test methods cover a number of recognized procedures for determining the nonmetallic inclusion content of wrought steel. Macroscopic methods include macroetch, fracture, step-down, and magnetic particle tests. Microscopic methods include five generally accepted systems of examination. In these microscopic methods, inclusions are assigned to a category based on similarities in morphology, and not necessarily on their chemical identity. Metallographic techniques that allow simple differentiation between morphologically similar inclusions are briefly discussed. While the methods are primarily intended for rating inclusions, constituents such as carbides, nitrides, carbonitrides, borides, and intermetallic phases may be rated using some of the microscopic methods. In some cases, alloys other than steels may be rated using one or more of these methods; the methods will be described in terms of their use on steels. 1.2 These test methods cover procedures to perform JK-type inclusion ratings using automatic image analysis in accordance with microscopic methods A and D. 1.3 Depending on the type of steel and the properties required, either a macroscopic or a microscopic method for determining the inclusion content, or combinations of the two methods, may be found most satisfactory. 1.4 These test methods deal only with recommended test methods and nothing in them should be construed as defining or establishing limits of acceptability for any grade of steel. 1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. Values in parentheses are conversions and are approximate. 1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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MSS SP-53-2021

Quality Standard for Steel Castings and Forgings for Valves, Flanges, Fittings, and Other Piping Components - Magnetic Particle Examination Method

This Standard Practice provides methods and acceptance standards for magnetic particle examination of ferritic steel valves, flanges, fittings, and other piping components by use of dry magnetic powder or wet magnetic particles. It is applicable to the examination of repairs and the initial examination of castings and forgings. The methods contained in this Standard Practice provide uniform procedures that will produce satisfactory and consistent results upon which the acceptance standards of Table 1 may be used. This examination guide may be used on a voluntary basis or when specified in an inquiry, contract, or order and when mutually agreed upon by the manufacturer and the purchaser. This Standard Practice includes the examination of pressure containing castings and forgings.

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ASTM A1062-10(2020)

Standard Specification for Steel Castings Sampling

1.1 This standard covers the inspection requirements agreed upon by the purchaser and producer of steel castings for the sample castings prior to production of the completed order. This standard includes all castings covered by Specifications A703/A703M , A781/A781M , A957/A957M , and A985/A985M . It also identifies when a new sample needs to be developed. 1.2 Several categories of sampling requirements are covered, ranging from dimensional, machining, visual, magnetic particle, liquid penetrant, radiographic, ultrasonic, or leak tests. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM E2142-08(2015)

Standard Test Methods for Rating and Classifying Inclusions in Steel Using the Scanning Electron Microscope

1.1 This test method covers procedures to obtain particle size distribution, chemical classification, and Test Methods E45 ratings of inclusions in steels using an automated scanning electron microscope (SEM) with X-ray analysis and automatic image analysis capabilities. 1.2 There are three discrete methods described. Method 1 is the SEM analog of Test Method E45 , which uses image analysis and light microscopy to produce automated Test Methods E45 ratings. Method 2 produces similar ratings based predominantly on sorting inclusions by chemistry into the traditional classes defined in Test Methods E45 . Method 3 is recommended when explicit detail is needed on particular inclusion types, not necessarily defined in Test Methods E45 , such as to verify the composition of inclusions in inclusion-engineered steel. Method 3 reports stereological parameters such as volume or number fraction, rather than Test Methods E45 type ratings. 1.3 This test method deals only with the recommended test methods and nothing in it should be construed as defining or establishing limits of acceptability for any grade of steel or other alloy where the method is appropriate. 1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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BS EN 10247:2017

Micrographic examination of the non-metallic inclusion content of steels using standard pictures (British Standard)

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ISO 3763:1976

Wrought steels - Macroscopic methods for assessing the content of non-metallic inclusions

Macroscopic methods deal with non-metallic inclusions visible to the naked eye or with the aid of a magnifying glass with a magnification of not more than X 10. Only inclusions equal to or greater than 1 mm long are taken into consideration. Covers the blue fracture test method, the step machined test method, the magnetic particle inspection method.

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SAE AMS 6255G-2021

Steel Bars, Forgings, and Mechanical Tubing and Forging Stock 1.1Si - 1.45Cr - 1.0Mo - 0.08Al (0.16 - 0.22C) Double Vacuum Melted

This specification covers a premium aircraft quality, low-alloy steel in the form of bars, forgings, mechanical tubing, and forging stock.

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SAE AMS 6257F-2016 (SAE AMS6257F-2016)

Steel Bars, Forgings, and Tubing 1.6Si - 0.82Cr - 1.8Ni - 0.40Mo - 0.08V (0.40 - 0.44C) Consumable Electrode Vacuum Remelted Normalized and Tempered

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SAE AMS 6265R-2021

Steel, Bars, Forgings, Mechanical Tubing and Forging Stock 1.2Cr - 3.25Ni - 0.12Mo (0.07 - 0.13C) (9310) Vacuum Consumable Electrode Remelted

This specification covers a premium aircraft-quality, low-alloy steel in the form of bars, forgings, mechanical tubing, and forging stock.

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SAE AMS 6267K-2021

Steel Bars, Forgings, and Mechanical Tubing and Forging Stock 1.2Cr - 3.25Ni - 0.12Mo (0.07 - 0.13C) (9310) Electroslag Remelted or Consumable Electrode Vacuum Remelted

This specification covers a premium aircraft-quality, low-alloy steel in the form of bars, forgings, mechanical tubing, and forging stock.

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SAE AMS 6277J-2021

Steel, Bars, Forgings, and Tubing 0.50Cr - 0.55Ni - 0.20Mo (0.18 - 0.23C) (SAE 8620) Vacuum Arc or Electroslag Remelted

This specification covers a premium aircraft-quality, low-alloy steel in the form of bars, forgings, mechanical tubing, and forging stock.

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SAE AMS 6305G-2016

Steel, Heat-Resistant, Bars, Forgings, and Tubing 0.95Cr - 0.55Mo - 0.30V (0.40 - 0.50C) Vacuum Arc Remelted

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SAE AMS 6308F-2018

Steel, Bars and Forgings 0.90Si - 1.0Cr - 2.0Ni - 3.2Mo - 2.0Cu - 0.10V (0.07 - 0.13C) Vacuum Arc or Electroslag Remelted

This specification covers a premium aircraft-quality, low-alloy steel in the form of bars, forgings, and forging stock.

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SAE AMS 6414M-2016

Steel, Bars, Forgings, and Tubing 0.80Cr - 1.8Ni - 0.25Mo (0.38 - 0.43C) (SAE 4340) Vacuum Consumable Electrode Remelted

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SAE AMS 6417K-2021

Steel, Bars, Forgings, and Tubing 1.6Si - 0.82Cr - 1.8Ni - 0.40Mo - 0.08V (0.38 - 0.43C) Consumable Electrode Vacuum Remelted

This specification covers a premium aircraft-quality, low-alloy steel in the form of bars, forgings, mechanical tubing, and forging stock.

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SAE AMS 6419K-2021

Steel, Bars, Forgings, and Tubing 1.6Si - 0.82Cr - 1.8Ni - 0.40Mo - 0.08V (0.40 - 0.45C) Consumable Electrode Vacuum Remelted

This specification covers a premium aircraft-quality, low-alloy steel in the form of bars, forgings, mechanical tubing, and forging stock.

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SAE AMS 6509A-2017

Steel Bars and Forgings 3.5Cr û 7.5Ni û 16.3Co û 1.75Mo û 0.2W û (0.09 - 0.13C) Double Vacuum Melted, Normalized, Annealed

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