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Polymeric Materials

ASTM is one of the leading standards developers for medical devices. With 24 categories, addressing everything from surgical implements to automated analysis, ASTM medical device standards cover a truly wide range. With how much research and training goes into the medical industry, standardization plays a key role in productively actualizing that effort. Organized below for your convenience by usage, industry, and theme are over 300 standards. This list includes standards related to Polymeric Materials.


ASTM F2848-21

Standard Specification for Medical-Grade Ultra-High-Molecular-Weight Polyethylene Yarns

1.1 This specification covers ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) yarns intended for use in medical devices or components of medical devices, such as sutures and ligament fixations. This specification covers natural (non-colored) and pigmented (colored) yarns. 1.2 This standard is intended to describe the requirements and the procedures to be followed for testing UHMWPE yarns as a component for medical devices prior to manufacturing processes of the medical device such as fabric formation, assembling, and sterilization. This specification does not purport to address the requirements for the finished medical devices or the testing that is needed for medical devices that are fabricated from the components specified herein. 1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.


ASTM F624-09(2015)e1

Standard Guide for Evaluation of Thermoplastic Polyurethane Solids and Solutions for Biomedical Applications

1.1 This guide covers the evaluation of thermoplastic polyurethanes in both solid and solution form for biomedical applications. The polymers have been reacted to completion and require no further chemical processing. 1.2 The tests and methods listed in this guide may be referenced in specifications containing minimum required values and tolerances for specific end-use products. 1.3 Standard tests for biocompatibility are included to aid in the assessment of safe utilization in biomedical applications. Compliance with these criteria shall not be construed as an endorsement of implantability. Since many compositions, formulations, and forms of thermoplastic polyurethanes in solid and solution forms are within this material class, the formulator or fabricator must evaluate the biocompatibility of the specific composition or form in the intended use and after completion of all manufacturing processes including sterilization. 1.4 Purchase specifications may be prepared by agreement between the buyer and seller by selection of appropriate tests and methods from those listed applicable to the specific biomedical end use. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.


ASTM F602-09(2015)

Standard Criteria for Implantable Thermoset Epoxy Plastics

1.1 These criteria cover thermoset plastics based on diglycidyl ethers of bisphenol A (DGEBPA) and appropriate curing agents or catalysts as opposed to thermoplastics based on epoxy structures. 1.2 These criteria are generic and are intended to provide definitions and a standard description of epoxy plastics used in implantable devices. It is also intended to serve as a standard guide for the preparation of more specific documents with values and limits covering specific end uses. 1.3 Compliance with these criteria shall not be construed as an endorsement of implantability. The biocompatibility of epoxy plastics as a class has not been established. Epoxy plastic is a generic term relating to the class of polymers formed from epoxy resins, certain curing agents or catalysts, and various additives. Since many compositions and formulations fall under this class, it is essential that the formulator or fabricator ensure biocompatibility of the specific composition or formulation in its intended end use. Since these criteria provide guidance for the preparation of more specific documents covering specific end uses, these documents will provide bases for standardized evaluation of biocompatibility appropriate for a specific end use. 1.4 Each of the properties listed shall be considered in selecting materials for specific end uses. A list of selected properties with limiting values assigned is suggested for separate product specifications. 1.5 All of the properties and test methods listed may not be pertinent in any specific situation, nor may all of the tests outlined be required. 1.6 These criteria are limited to functionally or fully cured epoxy plastics. Uncured or incompletely cured formulations are specifically excluded. 1.7 The epoxy plastics covered by this standard are those to be evaluated for use in implantable biomedical devices. The term implantable is herein considered to include devices used in vivo for time periods in excess of 30 days. 1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.


ASTM F639-09(2015)

Standard Specification for Polyethylene Plastics for Medical Applications

1.1 This specification covers polyethylene plastics (as defined in Terminology D883 ) intended for use in medical device applications involving human tissue contact devices, short-term indwellings of 30 days or less, and fluid transfer devices. The biocompatibility of these materials as a class has not been established. Biocompatibility tests must be conducted on the final product. 1.2 This specification is not applicable to ultra-high molecular weight polyethylenes (UHMWPE) plastics, such as those used in joint implants, and so forth. 1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.


ASTM F665-09(2015)

Standard Classification for Vinyl Chloride Plastics Used in Biomedical Application

1.1 This classification provides guidance to engineers and users in the selection of practical vinyl chloride plastics for medical applications and further provides a method for specifying these materials by use of a simple line call-out designation. This classification excludes vinyl chloride plastics used in long-term implants. 1.2 Use is made of a classification scheme based on the premise that the composition of vinyl chloride plastics, copolymers, fillers, plasticizers, stabilizers, and other additives in these systems can be arranged into characteristic material designations. 1.3 In all cases where the provisions of this classification system would conflict with those of the detailed specification for a particular device, the latter shall take precedence. Note 1: For cases in which the vinyl chloride plastic may be used for purposes where the requirements are too specific to be completely described by this classification system, it is advisable for the purchaser to consult the supplier to secure adjustment of the properties to suit the actual conditions to which the device is to be subjected. 1.4 The biocompatibility of vinyl chloride plastics as a class of materials has not been established. Since many compositions and formulations fall under this class, it is essential that the fabricators/device manufacturers assure the safety and efficacy of the specific composition or formulation, in its intended application, using state-of-the-art test methods. 1.5 This classification is to assist the interface between the material supplier and the device manufacturer (fabricator) who purchases a formulated vinyl chloride plastic for a component. For those device manufacturers (fabricators) who do their own formulating, compounding, extrusion, molding, and so forth, this classification does not apply. 1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.


ASTM F754-08(2015)

Standard Specification for Implantable Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) Sheet, Tube, and Rod Shapes Fabricated from Granular Molding Powders

1.1 This specification describes the physical, chemical, and mechanical performance requirements for polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) pre-fabricated by compression molding or extrusion into sheet, tube, and rod shapes which may be used for implant products. 1.2 PTFE is a high molecular weight straight chain member of the generic class of perfluorocarbon (containing only the elements fluorine and carbon) polymers. 1.3 Perfluorocarbon high polymers exhibit extraordinary thermal and chemical stability and do not require stabilizing additives of any kind. 1.4 This specification applies to primarily void-free molded or extruded PTFE shapes formed from granular molding powders. This specification does not apply to shapes formed from fine powder resins by lubricated paste extrusion, which includes expanded PTFE. 1.5 This specification does not apply to specific surgical implant products, including their packaging, sterilization, or material boicompatibility and/or suitability for a particular end-use application. 1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.


ASTM F3087-15

Standard Specification for Acrylic Molding Resins for Medical Implant Applications

1.1 This specification covers acrylic resins supplied in virgin form (typically pellets, powder, or granules) for medical implant applications. The co-polymers are limited to random co-polymers. This specification provides requirements and associated test methods for this thermoplastic when it is intended for use in manufacturing implantable medical devices or components of medical devices. 1.2 As with any material, some characteristics may be altered by the processing techniques (such as molding, extrusion, machining, sterilization, and so forth) required for the production of a specific part or device. Therefore, properties of fabricated forms of this resin should be evaluated using test methods that are appropriate to ensure safety and efficacy as agreed upon between the supplier, purchaser, and regulating bodies. 1.3 This specification allows for designation of acrylic resins for all medical implant applications. The actual extent of performance and suitability for a specific application shall be evaluated by the medical device manufacturer and regulating bodies. 1.4 The properties included in this specification are those applicable for both unfilled acrylic polymers and for formulated resins containing barium sulfate. Indicated properties (Table 1 and Table X3.1) are for unfilled injection molded forms. Forms containing fillers other than barium sulfate, colorants, polymer blends that contain PMMA, or reclaimed materials are not covered by this specification.


ASTM F641-09(2014)

Standard Specification for Implantable Epoxy Electronic Encapsulants

1.1 This specification covers thermoset plastics based on diglycidyl ethers of bisphenol A and amino functional curing agents or amine catalysts. 1.2 The epoxy encapsulants covered by this specification are intended to provide a tissue-compatible protective covering for implantable medical devices such as pulse generators, telemetry devices and RF receivers. The biocompatibility of epoxy plastics has not been established. Epoxy plastic is a generic term relating to the class of polymers formed from epoxy resins, certain curing agents or catalysts and various additives. Since many compositions and formulations fall under this category, it is essential that the fabricator assure safety of implantability of the specific composition or formulation for the intended use by current state-of-the-art test methods. This specification can be used as a basis for standardized evaluation of biocompatibility for such implantable encapsulants. 1.3 The encapsulants covered by this specification are for use in devices intended as long-term implants. 1.4 Limitations This specification covers only the initial qualification of epoxy encapsulants for implantable electronic circuitry. Some of the requirements are not applicable to routine lot-to-lot quality control. 1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.


ASTM F648-21

Standard Specification for Ultra-High-Molecular-Weight Polyethylene Powder and Fabricated Form for Surgical Implants

1.1 This specification covers ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene powder (UHMWPE) and fabricated forms intended for use in surgical implants. 1.2 The requirements of this specification apply to UHMWPE in two forms. One is virgin polymer powder (Section 4 ). The second is any form fabricated from this powder from which a finished product is subsequently produced (Section 5 ). This specification addresses material characteristics and does not apply to the packaged and sterilized finished implant. 1.3 The requirements of this specification do not apply to UHMWPE virgin powder or fabricated forms intentionally crosslinked or blended with other additives, for example, antioxidants. 1.4 The biological response to polyethylene in soft tissue and bone has been well characterized by a history of clinical use ( 1- 3 ) 2 and by laboratory studies ( 4- 6 ) . 1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. 1.6 The following precautionary caveat pertains only to the test method portion, Section 7 , of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.


ASTM F2026-17

Standard Specification for Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) Polymers for Surgical Implant Applications

1.1 This specification covers polyetheretherketone (PEEK) polymer in virgin forms as supplied by a vendor (pellets, powder, fabricated forms, and so forth). It provides requirements and associated test methods for these thermoplastics when they are to be used in the manufacture of intracorporeal devices such as surgical implants or components of surgical or dental devices. 1.2 The properties included in this specification are those applicable for PEEK polymers only. Indicated properties are for fabricated forms. Materials or forms containing colorants, fillers, processing aids, or other additives, as well as polymer blends which contain PEEK, or reclaimed materials, are not covered by this specification. 1.3 This specification is designed to recommend physical, chemical, and biological test methods to establish a reasonable level of confidence concerning the performance of virgin PEEK polymers for use in medical implant devices. 1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.5 When evaluating material in accordance with this specification, hazardous materials, operations, and equipment may be involved. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.


ASTM F2565-21

Standard Guide for Extensively Irradiation-Crosslinked Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene Fabricated Forms for Surgical Implant Applications

1.1 This guide covers extensively crosslinked ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) materials (fabricated forms) that are produced starting with virgin resin powders and consolidated forms meeting all the requirements of Specification F648 . 1.2 This guide does not cover fabricated forms of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene which have received only gas plasma, ethylene oxide, or less than 40 kGy ionizing radiation treatments, that is, materials treated only by historical sterilization methods. 1.3 This guide pertains only to UHMWPE materials extensively crosslinked by gamma and electron beam sources of ionizing radiation. 1.4 The specific relationships between these mechanical properties and the in vivo performance of a fabricated form have not been determined. While trends are apparent, specific property-polymer structure and polymer-design relationships are not well understood. These mechanical tests are frequently used to evaluate the reproducibility of a fabrication procedure and are applicable for comparative studies of different materials. 1.5 The following precautionary caveat pertains only to the test method portion, Section 5 , of this guide: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.


ASTM F2695-12(2020)

Standard Specification for Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene Powder Blended With Alpha-Tocopherol (Vitamin E) and Fabricated Forms for Surgical Implant Applications

1.1 This specification covers ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) powder blended with alpha-tocopherol (Vitamin E) intended for use in surgical implants. 1.2 The requirements of this specification apply to alpha-tocopherol-containing UHMWPE in two forms. One is virgin polymer powder blended with alpha-tocopherol prior to consolidation (Section 4 ). The second is any form fabricated from this blended, alpha-tocopherol-containing powder from which a finished product is subsequently produced (Section 5 ). This specification does not apply to finished or semi-finished products that are doped with Vitamin E after consolidation. 1.3 Aside from blending with alpha-tocopherol, the provisions of Specifications F648 and D4020 apply. Special requirements detailed in this specification are added to describe powders containing alpha-tocopherol that will be used in surgical implants. This specification addresses material characteristics and does not apply to the packaged and sterilized finished implant. This specification also does not apply to UHMWPE materials extensively crosslinked by gamma and electron beam sources of ionizing radiation. 1.4 The following precautionary caveat pertains only to the fabricated forms portion, Section 5 , of this specification. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.


ASTM F2820-12(2021)e1

Standard Specification for Polyetherketoneketone (PEKK) Polymers for Surgical Implant Applications

1.1 This specification covers virgin polyetherketoneketone (PEKK) polymer resin as supplied by a vendor (for example, in pellets, powder, and fabricated forms). It provides requirements and associated test methods for these thermoplastics when they are to be used in the manufacture of intracorporeal devices such as surgical implants or components of surgical or dental devices. 1.2 As with any material, some characteristics may be altered by the processing techniques (for example, molding, extrusion, machining, assembly, and sterilization) required for the production of a specific part or device. Therefore, properties of fabricated forms of these polymers should be evaluated using test methods which are appropriate to ensure safety and efficacy as agreed upon by the vendor, purchaser, and regulating bodies. With reduced crystallinity, certain polymers have been shown to be more susceptible to environmental stress cracking. Depending upon the implant application, the end user should characterize the material for environmental stress cracking resistance. 1.3 The properties included in this specification are those applicable for PEKK polymers only. Indicated properties are for fabricated forms. Fabricated forms and materials containing colorants, fillers, processing aids, or other additives, as well as polymer blends which contain PEKK, or reclaimed materials are not covered by this specification. 1.4 This specification is designed to recommend physical, chemical, and biological test methods to establish a reasonable level of confidence concerning the performance of virgin PEKK polymers for use in medical implant devices. The properties listed should be considered in selecting material(s) in accordance with the specific end-use requirements. 1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.6 When evaluating material in accordance with this specification, hazardous materials, operations, and equipment may be involved. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.


ASTM F2902-16e1

Standard Guide for Assessment of Absorbable Polymeric Implants

1.1 This guide describes general guidelines for the chemical, physical, mechanical, biocompatibility, and preclinical assessments of implantable synthetic polymeric absorbable devices. This guide also describes evaluation methods that are potentially useful and should be considered when assessing absorbable implants or implant components. 1.2 The described evaluations may assist a manufacturer in establishing the safety and effectiveness of an absorbable implant device. This listing of assessment methods may also be utilized to assist in establishing substantial equivalence to an existing commercially marketed device. However, these polymeric material-oriented guidelines do not necessarily reflect the total needs for any particular implant application (for example, orthopedic, cardiovascular, sutures, and dermal fillers), which may require additional and potentially essential application-specific evaluations. 1.3 This guide is intended to cover all forms of absorbable polymeric components and devices, including solid (for example, injection-molded) and porous (for example, fibrous) forms. This guide is also intended to cover devices fabricated from amorphous and/or semi-crystalline absorbable polymer systems. 1.4 This guide has been generated with principal emphasis on the evaluation of devices formed from synthetic polymers that degrade in vivo primarily through hydrolysis (for example, -hydroxy-polyesters). Evaluation methods suggested herein may or may not be applicable to implants formed from materials that, upon implantation, are substantially degraded through other mechanisms (for example, enzymatically induced degradation).


ASTM F755-19

Standard Specification for Selection of Porous Polyethylene for Use in Surgical Implants

1.1 This specification covers the properties and test methods for porous high-density-polyethylene (HDPE) and porous ultra-high-molecular-weight-polyethylene (UHMWPE) intended for use in surgical implants. The porous polyethylene may be used as a free-standing product or as a coating on a substrate in non-loaded applications. 1.2 Materials covered by this standard can have a broad range of mechanical and morphological properties depending on the starting material and fabrication processes. Therefore no attempt has been made to standardize the properties, and the requirements for a specific application are not within the scope of this standard. 1.3 Evaluation of the tissue response to a porous polyethylene must be completed. Guidance in establishing biocompatibility may be found in the list of references. 1.4 Clinical experience and animal studies have shown that tissue will grow into the open pores of porous polyethylene. The tissue ingrowth into the pores may facilitate the establishment of implant fixation. 1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.


ASTM F1855-00(2019)

Standard Specification for Polyoxymethylene (Acetal) for Medical Applications

1.1 This specification covers polyoxymethylene (acetal) resin for medical applications. This specification provides requirements and associated test methods for a form of this thermoplastic which is intended for use in manufacturing medical devices, instrumentation or components thereof. 1.2 As with any material, some characteristics may be altered by the processing techniques (such as molding, extrusion, machining, sterilization, and so forth) required for a specific application. Therefore properties of fabricated forms of this resin should be evaluated using appropriate test methods to assure safety and efficacy. 1.3 Although this resin has been used for specific implant applications in the United States, the use of this resin in medical devices should be restricted to non-implant applications until biocompatibility evaluations appropriate for the intended applications are successfully completed. 1.4 The biocompatibility of plastic compounds made up of polyoxymethylene (acetal) resin containing colorants, fillers, processing aids, or other additives as well as polymer blends which contain polyacetal should not be assumed on the basis of resin biocompatibility alone. Their biocompatibility must be established by testing the final (end-use) compositions using evaluation methods appropriate for the intended applications. It should be noted that the types, test levels, and biological effects of extractives yielded by the additives contained in a compound or blend may also have to be evaluated for some end-use applications. 1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.


ASTM F2038-18

Standard Guide for Silicone Elastomers, Gels, and Foams Used in Medical Applications Part I—Formulations and Uncured Materials

1.1 This guide is intended to educate potential users of silicone elastomers, gels, and foams relative to their formulation and use. It does not provide information relative to silicone powders, fluids, or other silicones. The information provided is offered to guide users in the selection of appropriate materials, after consideration of the chemical, physical, and toxicological properties of individual ingredients or by-products. This guide offers general information about silicone materials typically used for medical applications. Detail on the crosslinking and fabrication of silicone materials is found in Part II of this guide. 1.2 Fabrication and properties of elastomers is covered in the companion document, F2042 . This monograph addresses only components of uncured elastomers, gels, and foams. 1.3 Silicone biocompatibility issues can be addressed at several levels, but ultimately the device manufacturer must assess biological suitability relative to intended use. 1.4 Biological and physical properties tend to be more reproducible when materials are manufactured in accordance with accepted quality standards such as ISO 9001 and current FDA Quality System Regulations/Good Manufacturing Practice Regulations (21CFR, Parts 210, 211, and 820). 1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard. 1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Users are also advised to refer to Material Safety Data Sheets provided with uncured silicone components. 1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.


ASTM F2042-18

Standard Guide for Silicone Elastomers, Gels, and Foams Used in Medical Applications Part II—Crosslinking and Fabrication

1.1 This guide is intended to educate potential users of silicone elastomers, gels and foams relative to their fabrication and processing. It does not provide information relative to silicone powders, fluids, pressure sensitive adhesives, or other types of silicone products. 1.2 The information provided is offered to guide users in the selection of appropriate processing conditions for specific medical device applications. 1.3 Formulation and selection of appropriate starting materials is covered in the companion document, F2038 . This monograph addresses only the curing, post-curing, and processing of elastomers, gels and foams as well as how the resulting product is evaluated. 1.4 Silicone biocompatibility issues can be addressed at several levels, but ultimately the device manufacturer must assess biological suitability relative to intended use. Biocompatibility testing may be done on cured elastomers prior to final fabrication, but the most relevant data are those obtained on the finished device. Data on selected lots of material are only representative when compounding and fabrication are performed under accepted quality systems such as ISO 9001 and current Good Manufacturing Practice Regulations (21 CFR, Parts 210, 211, and 820). Extractables analyses may also be of interest for investigation of biocompatibility, and the procedures for obtaining such data depend on the goal of the study (see ISO 10993 12 and the HIMA Memorandum 7/14/93 for examples of extraction methods). 1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard. 1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Users are also advised to refer to Material Safety Data Sheets provided with uncured silicone components. 1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.


ASTM F2759-19

Standard Guide for Assessment of the Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene (UHMWPE) Used in Orthopedic and Spinal Devices

1.1 This guide covers general guidelines for the physical, chemical, biocompatibility, mechanical, and preclinical assessments of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) in implantable orthopedic and spinal devices intended to replace a musculoskeletal joint. The UHMWPE components may include knee, hip, shoulder, elbow, ankle, total disc replacement, toe, finger, and wrist joint implant devices. This guide does not cover UHMWPE in fiber or tape forms. 1.2 This guide includes a description and rationale of assessments for the various UHMWPE types and processing conditions. Assessment testing based on physical, chemical, biocompatibility, mechanical, and preclinical analyses are briefly described and referenced. The user should refer to specific test methods for additional details. 1.3 This guide does not attempt to define all of the assessment methods associated with UHMWPE components in orthopedic and spinal devices. 1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.


ASTM F702-18

Standard Specification for Polysulfone Resin for Medical Applications

1.1 This specification covers polysulfone resin (poly(oxy-1,4-phenylenesulfonyl-1,4 phenylene (dimethylmethylene)-1,4 phenylene)) as defined in ISO 25137 1, supplied by a vendor in virgin form (pellets, powder, fabricated forms and so forth) for medical applications. This specification provides requirements and associated test methods for this thermoplastic when it is intended for use in manufacturing medical devices or components of medical devices. 1.2 As with any material, some characteristics may be altered by the processing techniques (such as molding, extrusion, machining, sterilization, and so forth) required for the production of a specific part or device. Therefore, properties of fabricated forms of this resin should be evaluated using test methods which are appropriate to ensure safety and efficacy as agreed upon by the vendor, purchaser, and regulating bodies. 1.3 The standard allows for designation of polysulfone resin for all medical applications. The actual extent of performance and suitability for a specific application must be evaluated by the vendor, purchaser, and regulating bodies. 1.4 The properties included in this specification are those applicable for unfilled polysulfone (PSU) polymers with the addition of colorants and processing aids. Indicated properties are for injection molded forms. Forms containing fillers or other additives, as well as polymer blends which contain PSU, or reclaimed materials, are not covered by this specification. 1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.6 When evaluating material in accordance with this specification, hazardous materials, operations, and equipment may be involved. This standard does not purport to address all of the concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.


ASTM F997-18

Standard Specification for Polycarbonate Resin for Medical Applications

1.1 This specification covers polycarbonate resin and provides requirements and associated test methods for this thermoplastic when it is to be used in the manufacture of medical devices or components of medical devices. 1.2 As with any material, some characteristics may be altered by the processing techniques (such as molding, extrusion, machining, assembly, sterilization, and so forth) required for the production of a specific part or device. Therefore, properties of fabricated forms of this resin should be evaluated using those test methods that are appropriate to assure safety and efficacy. 1.3 The properties included in this specification are those applicable for polycarbonate only. The biocompatibility of plastic compounds made up of polycarbonate resin containing colorants, fillers, processing aids, or other additives, as well as polymer blends which contain polycarbonate, should not be assumed. The biocompatibility of these modified polycarbonates must be established by testing the final (end-use) compositions using the appropriate methods of evaluation. In addition, the biocompatibility of the material depends to a large degree on the nature of the end-use application. It is, therefore, necessary to specify a set of biocompatibility test methods for each new and distinct application. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.


ASTM F2313-18

Standard Specification for Poly(glycolide) and Poly(glycolide-co-lactide) Resins for Surgical Implants with Mole Fractions Greater Than or Equal to 70 % Glycolide

1.1 This specification covers both virgin poly(glycolide) homopolymer and poly(glycolide-co-lactide) copolymer resins intended for use in surgical implants. The poly(glycolide-colactide) copolymers covered by this specification possess nominal mole fractions greater than or equal to 70 % glycolide (65.3 % in mass fraction). This specification is also applicable to lactide-co-glycolide copolymers that possess glycolide segments sufficient in size to deliver potential for glycolide-based crystallization, thereby requiring fluorinated solvents for complete dissolution under room temperature conditions. 1.2 Since poly(glycolide) is commonly abbreviated as PGA for poly(glycolic acid) and poly(lactide) is commonly abbreviated as PLA for poly(lactic acid), these polymers are commonly referred to as PGA, PLA, and PLA:PGA resins for the hydrolytic byproducts to which they respectively degrade. PLA is a term that carries no stereoisomeric specificity and therefore encompasses both the amorphous atactic/syndiotactic dl -lactide-based polymers and copolymers as well as the isotactic d -PLA and l -PLA moieties, each of which carries potential for crystallization. 1.3 This specification is specifically not applicable to amorphous poly(lactide-co-glycolide) or poly(lactide)-based resins able to be fully solvated at 30 C by either methylene chloride (dichloromethane) or chloroform (trichloromethane), which are covered in Specification F2579 and typically possess molar glycolide levels of ~50 % or less. This specification is not applicable to lactide-based polymers or copolymers that possess isotactic polymeric segments sufficient in size to carry potential for lactide-based crystallization, which are covered by Specification F1925 and typically possess nominal mole fractions that equal or exceed 50 % l -lactide. 1.4 This specification addresses material characteristics of both virgin poly(glycolide) and poly( 70 % glycolide-co-lactide) resins intended for use in surgical implants and does not apply to packaged and sterilized finished implants fabricated from these materials. 1.5 As with any material, some characteristics may be altered by processing techniques (such as molding, extrusion, machining, assembly, sterilization, and so forth) required for the production of a specific part or device. Therefore, properties of fabricated forms of this resin should be evaluated independently using appropriate test methods to assure safety and efficacy. 1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.


ASTM F2579-18

Standard Specification for Amorphous Poly(lactide) and Poly(lactide-co-glycolide) Resins for Surgical Implants

1.1 This specification covers virgin amorphous poly(lactide) homopolymer and poly(lactide-co-glycolide) copolymer resins intended for use in surgical implants. The poly( dl -lactide) homopolymers covered by this specification are considered to be amorphous (that is, void of crystallinity) and are polymerized either from meso -lactide or from equimolar (racemic) combinations of d -lactide and l -lactide. The poly( dl -lactide-co-glycolide) copolymers covered by this specification are also considered to be amorphous and are co-polymerized from a combination of glycolide and either meso-lactide or racemic quantities of d -lactide and l -lactide, and typically possess nominal mole fractions that equal or exceed 50 % lactide. 1.2 Since poly(glycolide) is commonly abbreviated as PGA for poly(glycolic acid) and poly(lactide) is commonly abbreviated as PLA for poly(lactic acid), these polymers are commonly referred to as PGA, PLA, and PLA:PGA resins for the hydrolytic byproducts to which they respectively degrade. PLA is a term that carries no stereoisomeric specificity and therefore encompasses both the amorphous atactic/syndiotactic dl -lactide-based polymers and copolymers as well as the isotactic d -PLA and l -PLA moieties, each of which carries potential for crystallization. Therefore, specific reference to dl -PLA is essential to appropriately differentiate the amorphous atactic/syndiotactic dl -lactide-based polymers and copolymers covered by this specification. Thus, inclusion of stereoisomeric specificity within the lactic acid-based acronyms results in the following: poly( l -lactide) as P l LA for poly( l -lactic acid), poly( d -lactide) as P d LA for poly( d -lactic acid), and poly( dl -lactide) as P dl LA for poly( dl -lactic acid). 1.3 This specification covers virgin amorphous poly(lactide)-based resins able to be fully solvated at 30 C by either methylene chloride (dichloromethane) or chloroform (trichloromethane). This specification is not applicable to lactide-based polymers or copolymers that possess isotactic polymeric segments sufficient in size to carry potential for lactide-based crystallization, which are covered by Specification F1925 and typically possess nominal mole fractions that equal or exceed 50 % l -lactide. This specification is not applicable to lactide-co-glycolide copolymers that possess glycolide segments sufficient in size to deliver potential for glycolide-based crystallization, thereby requiring fluorinated solvents for complete dissolution under room temperature conditions. This specification is specifically not applicable to lactide-co-glycolide copolymers with glycolide mole fractions greater than or equal to 70 % (65.3 % in mass fraction), which are covered by Specification F2313 . This specification is not applicable to block copolymers or to polymers or copolymers synthesized from combinations of d -lactide and l -lactide that differ by more than 1.5 total mole percent (1.5 % of total moles). 1.4 This specification addresses material characteristics of both poly( dl -lactide) and poly( dl -lactide-co-glycolide) resins intended for use in surgical implants and does not apply to packaged and sterilized finished implants fabricated from these materials. 1.5 As with any material, some characteristics may be altered by processing techniques (such as molding, extrusion, machining, assembly, sterilization, and so forth) required for the production of a specific part or device. Therefore, properties of fabricated forms of this resin should be evaluated independently using appropriate test methods to assure safety and efficacy. 1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.


ASTM F1925-17

Standard Specification for Semi-Crystalline Poly(lactide) Polymer and Copolymer Resins for Surgical Implants

1.1 This specification covers virgin semi-crystalline poly( l -lactide) or poly( d -lactide) homopolymer resins intended for use in surgical implants. This specification also covers semi-crystalline resins of l -lactide copolymerized with other bioabsorbable monomers including, but not limited to, glycolide, d -lactide, and dl -lactide. The poly( l -lactide) or poly( d -lactide) based homopolymers and copolymers covered by this specification possess lactide segments of sufficient length to allow potential for their crystallization upon annealing. 1.2 Since poly(glycolide) is commonly abbreviated as PGA for poly(glycolic acid) and poly(lactide) is commonly abbreviated as PLA for poly(lactic acid), these polymers are commonly referred to as PGA, PLA, and PLA:PGA resins for the hydrolytic byproducts to which they respectively degrade. PLA is a term that carries no stereoisomeric specificity and therefore encompasses both the amorphous atactic/syndiotactic dl -lactide based polymers and copolymers as well as the isotactic d -PLA and l -PLA moieties, each of which carries potential for crystallization. Inclusion of stereoisomeric specificity within the lactic acid based acronyms results in the following: poly( l -lactide) as P l LA for poly( l -lactic acid), poly( d -lactide) as P d LA for poly( d -lactic acid), and poly( dl -lactide) as P dl LA for poly( dl -lactic acid). 1.3 This specification is applicable to lactide-based polymers or copolymers that possess isotactic polymeric segments sufficient in size to carry potential for lactide-based crystallization. Such polymers typically possess nominal mole fractions that equal or exceed 50 % l -lactide. This specification is particularly applicable to isotactic-lactide based block copolymers or to polymers or copolymers synthesized from combinations of d -lactide and l -lactide that differ by more than 1.5 total mole percent (1.5 % of total moles). This specification is not applicable to lactide-co-glycolide copolymers with glycolide mole fractions greater than or equal to 70 % (65.3 % in mass fraction), which are covered by Specification F2313 . This specification is not applicable to amorphous polymers or copolymers synthesized from combinations of d -lactide and l -lactide that differ by less than 1.5 total mole percent (1.5 % of total moles) as covered by Specification F2579 . 1.4 This specification covers virgin semi-crystalline poly(lactide)-based resins able to be fully solvated at 30 C by either methylene chloride (dichloromethane) or chloroform (trichloromethane). This specification is not applicable to lactide:glycolide copolymers that possess glycolide segments sufficient in size to deliver potential for glycolide-based crystallization, thereby requiring fluorinated solvents for complete dissolution under room temperature conditions (see Specification F2313 ). 1.5 Within this specification, semi-crystallinity within the resin is defined by the presence of a DSC (differential scanning calorimetry) crystalline endotherm after annealing above the glass transition temperature. While other copolymeric segments may also crystallize upon annealing (for example, glycolide), specific characterization of crystalline structures other than those formed by lactide are outside the scope of this specification. 1.6 This specification addresses material characteristics of the virgin semi-crystalline poly(lactide) based resins intended for use in surgical implants and does not apply to packaged and sterilized finished implants fabricated from these materials. 1.7 As with any material, some characteristics may be altered by processing techniques (such as molding, extrusion, machining, assembly, sterilization, and so forth) required for the production of a specific part or device. Therefore, properties of fabricated forms of this resin should be evaluated independently using appropriate test methods to assure safety and efficacy. 1.8 Biocompatibility testing is not a requirement since this specification is not intended to cover fabricated devices. 1.9 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.11 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.


ASTM F451-21

Standard Specification for Acrylic Bone Cement

1.1 This specification covers self-curing resins used primarily for the fixation of internal orthopedic prostheses. The mixture may be used in either the pre-dough or dough stage in accordance with the manufacturerâ's recommendations. 1.2 Units of pre-measured powder and liquid are supplied in a form suitable for mixing. The mixture then sets in place. 1.3 While a variety of copolymers and comonomers may be incorporated, the composition of the set cement shall contain poly(methacrylic acid esters) as its main ingredient. 1.4 This specification covers compositional, physical performance, and biocompatibility as well as packaging requirements. The biocompatibility of acrylic bone cement as it has been traditionally formulated and used has been reported in the literature ( 1 , 2 ) . 2 1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.


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