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Radiographs - Complement to Radiographic Weld Testing

Non-Destructive Weld Testing Standards cover multiple possible methods of testing welds or metallic materials. Non-destructive testing analysis techniques are used for QA, evaluations, research, in cases where the product is expensive or unique, failure analysis, and so on. With a focus on radiographic testing, these standards also cover magnetic, radioscopic, ultrasonic, and other methods. General rules, guides, terminology, are provided, as well as standard test methods, specific techniques, and acceptance levels, together covering both the broad strokes and the nuanced testing procedures.

ISO 19232-1:2013

Non-destructive testing - Image quality of radiographs - Part 1: Determination of the image quality value using wire-type image quality indicators

ISO 19232-1:2013 specifies a device and a method for the determination of the image quality of radiographs using wire-type image quality indicators.

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ISO 19232-2:2013

Non-destructive testing - Image quality of radiographs - Part 2: Determination of the image quality value using step/hole-type image quality indicators

ISO 19232-2:2013 specifies a device and a method for the determination of the image quality of radiographs using step/hole-type image quality indicators.

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ISO 19232-3:2013

Non-destructive testing - Image quality of radiographs - Part 3: Image quality classes

ISO 19232-3:2013 specifies the minimum image quality values to ensure a uniform radiographic quality. It applies to the two types of image quality indicator as detailed in ISO 19232-1 for wire-type IQI and ISO 19232-2 for step/hole-type IQI and for the two techniques described in ISO 5579. Values are specified for the two classes of radiographic technique specified in ISO 5579.

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ISO 19232-4:2013

Non-destructive testing - Image quality of radiographs - Part 4: Experimental evaluation of image quality values and image quality tables

ISO 19232-4:2013 gives instructions for the determination of image quality values and image quality tables. If the IQI requirements specified in ISO 19232 3 cannot be used because, for example, the absorption coefficients of the IQI material and the inspected material differ by more than 30 %, test exposures are necessary to determine acceptance of image quality values. The image quality values achieved by the test exposures are required for all exposures made under the same radiographic conditions.

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ISO 19232-5:2018

Non-destructive testing - Image quality of radiographs - Part 5: Determination of the image unsharpness and basic spatial resolution value using duplex wire-type image quality indicators

This document specifies a method of determining the total image unsharpness and basic spatial resolution of radiographs and radioscopic images. The IQI with up to 13 wire pairs can be used effectively with tube voltages up to 600 kV. The IQI with more than 13 wire pairs can be used effectively at tube voltages lower than 225 kV. When using source voltages in the megavolt range, it is possible that the results are not be completely satisfactory.

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ISO 11699-1:2008

Non-destructive testing - Industrial radiographic film - Part 1: Classification of film systems for industrial radiography

The purpose of ISO 11699-1:2008 is to establish the performance of film systems. ISO 11699-1:2008 is applicable for the classification of film systems in combination with specified lead screens for industrial radiography (non-destructive testing). ISO 11699-1:2008 is intended to ensure that the image quality of radiographs as far as this is influenced by the film system is in conformity with the requirements of International Standards such as ISO 5579, ISO 17636 and EN 12681. ISO 11699-1:2008 does not apply to the classification of films used with fluorescent intensifying screens. The measurement of film systems in ISO 11699-1:2008 is restricted to a selected radiation quality to simplify the procedure. The properties of films will change with radiation energy, but not the ranking of film system quality. Additional methods for evaluating the photographic process are described in ISO 11699-2, by which the performance of film systems can be controlled under the conditions given in industry.

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ISO 11699-2:2018

Non-destructive testing - Industrial radiographic films - Part 2: Control of film processing by means of reference values

This document specifies a procedure for the control of film processing systems.

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ISO 14096-1:2005

Non-destructive testing - Qualification of radiographic film digitisation systems - Part 1: Definitions, quantitative measurements of image quality parameters, standard reference film and qualitative control

ISO 14096-1:2005 specifies procedures for the evaluation of basic performance parameters of the radiographic film digitisation process such as spatial resolution and spatial linearity, density range, density contrast sensitivity and characteristic transfer curve. They can be integrated into the system software and together with a standard reference film used for quality control of the digitisation process. This reference film provides a series of test targets for performance evaluation. The test targets are suitable for evaluating a digitisation system with a spatial resolution down to 25 micrometres, a density contrast sensitivity down to 0,02 optical density, a density range of 0,5 to 4,5 and a film size capacity of (350 x 430) mm 2 . This standard does not address signal processing and display of the digitised data.

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ISO 14096-2:2005

Non-destructive testing - Qualification of radiographic film digitisation systems - Part 2: Minimum requirements

ISO 14096-2:2005 specifies three film-digitisation quality classes for the requirements of non-destructive testing. The selected class depends on the radiation energy, penetrated material thickness and the quality level of the original radiographic film. ISO 14096-2:2005 does not address signal processing, display and storage of the digitised data.

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ASTM E747-18

Standard Practice for Design, Manufacture and Material Grouping Classification of Wire Image Quality Indicators (IQI) Used for Radiology

1.1 This practice 2 covers the design, material grouping classification, and manufacture of wire image quality indicators (IQI) used to indicate the quality of radiographic images. 1.2 This practice is applicable to X-ray and gamma-ray radiography. 1.3 This practice covers the use of wire penetrameters as the controlling image quality indicator for the material thickness range from 6.4 to 152 mm (0.25 to 6.0 in.). 1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM E801-21

Standard Practice for Controlling Quality of Radiographic Examination of Electronic Devices

1.1 This practice relates to the radiographic examination of electronic devices for internal discontinuities, extraneous material, missing components, crimped or broken wires, and defective solder joints in cavities, in the encapsulating materials, or the boards. Requirements expressed in this practice are intended to control the quality and repeatability of the radiographic images and are not intended for controlling the acceptability or quality of the electronic devices imaged. 1.2 There are areas in this practice that may require agreement between the cognizant engineering organization and the supplier, or specific direction from the cognizant engineering organization. These items should be addressed in the purchase order, contract, or inspection technique. Specific applications may require adherence to this practice in part or in full. Deviations from this practice shall be enumerated in inspection plan and approved by both cognizant engineering organization and the supplier. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM E1735-19

Standard Practice for Determining Relative Image Quality Response of Industrial Radiographic Imaging Systems from 4 to 25 MeV

1.1 This standard provides a practice whereby industrial radiographic imaging systems or specific factors that affect image quality (that is, hardware, techniques, etc.) may be comparatively assessed using the concept of relative image quality response (RIQR) when exposed to X-radiation sources having photon energies from 4 to 25 MeV. The RIQR method presented within this practice is based upon the use of equivalent penetrameter sensitivity (EPS) described within Practice E1025 and Section 5 of this practice. For special applications, the user may design a non-standard RIQI-absorber configuration; however, the RIQI configuration shall be controlled by a drawing similar to Fig. 1 . Use of a non-standard RIQI-absorber configuration shall be described in the user s written technique and approved by the RT Level III. 1.2 This practice is not intended to qualify the performance of a specific radiographic technique nor for assurance that a radiographic technique will detect specific discontinuities in a specimen undergoing radiographic examination. 1.3 This practice is not intended to be used to classify or derive performance classification categories for radiographic imaging systems. For example, performance classifications of radiographic film systems may be found within Test Method E1815 , manufacturer characterization of computed radiography (CR) systems may be found in Practice E2446 , and manufacturer characterization of digital Detector Array (DDA) systems may be found in Practice E2597 . 1.4 This standard is not intended to be used with Cobalt 60 sources or X-ray sources below 4 MeV. For low energy X-ray applications (below 4 MeV), Test Method E746 provides a similar RIQR standard practice. 1.5 The values stated in either SI or inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only. 1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM E1815-18

Standard Test Method for Classification of Film Systems for Industrial Radiography

1.1 This test method covers a procedure for determination of the performance of film systems used for industrial radiography. This test method establishes minimum requirements that correspond to system classes. 1.2 This test method is to be used only for direct exposure-type film exposed with lead intensifying screens. The performance of films exposed with fluorescent (light-emitting) intensifying screens cannot be determined accurately by this test method. 1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM E1817-08(2014)

Standard Practice for Controlling Quality of Radiological Examination by Using Representative Quality Indicators (RQIs)

1.1 This practice covers the radiological examination of unique materials or processes, or both, for which conventionally designed image quality indicators (IQIs), such as those described in Practices E747 and E1025 , may be inadequate in controlling the quality and repeatability of the radiological image. 1.2 Where appropriate, representative image quality indicators (RQIs) may also represent criteria levels of the acceptance or rejection of images of discontinuities. 1.3 This practice is applicable to most radiological methods of examination. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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BS EN 1330-11:2007

Non-destructive testing. Terminology. Terms used in X-ray diffraction from polycrystalline and amorphous materials (British Standard)

This European Standard defines the most common terms used for X-ray powder diffraction methods.

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BS EN 1330-3:1997

Non-destructive testing. Terminology. Terms used in industrial radiographic testing (British Standard)

This European standard defines terms used in industrial radiographic testing.

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BS EN ISO 14096-1:2020

Non-destructive testing. Qualification of radiographic film digitisation systems Definitions, quantitative measurements of image quality parameters, standard reference film and qualitative control (British Standard)

ISO 14096-1:2005 specifies procedures for the evaluation of basic performance parameters of the radiographic film digitisation process such as spatial resolution and spatial linearity, density range, density contrast sensitivity and characteristic transfer curve. They can be integrated into the system software and together with a standard reference film used for quality control of the digitisation process. This reference film provides a series of test targets for performance evaluation. The test targets are suitable for evaluating a digitisation system with a spatial resolution down to 25 micrometres, a density contrast sensitivity down to 0,02 optical density, a density range of 0,5 to 4,5 and a film size capacity of (350 x 430) mm 2 . This standard does not address signal processing and display of the digitised data.

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BS EN ISO 14096-2:2020

Non-destructive testing. Qualification of radiographic film digitisation systems Minimum requirements (British Standard)

ISO 14096-2:2005 specifies three film-digitisation quality classes for the requirements of non-destructive testing. The selected class depends on the radiation energy, penetrated material thickness and the quality level of the original radiographic film. ISO 14096-2:2005 does not address signal processing, display and storage of the digitised data.

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BS EN 14784-1:2005

Non-destructive testing. Industrial computed radiography with storage phosphor imaging plates. Classification of systems (British Standard)

This European standard specifies fundamental parameters of computed radiography systems with the aim of enabling satisfactory and repeatable results to be obtained economically. The techniques are based both on fundamental theory and test measurements. This European standard specifies the performance of computed radiography (CR) systems and the measurement of the corresponding parameters for the system scanner and phosphor imaging plate (IP). It describes the classification of these systems in combination with specified metal screens for industrial radiography. It is intended to ensure that the quality of images - as far as this is influenced by the scanner-IP system - is in conformity with the requirements of Part 2 of this standard. The standard relates to the requirements of film radiography defined in EN 584-1 and ISO 11699-1. This European standard defines system tests at different levels. More complicated tests are described, which allow the determination of exact system parameters. They can be used to classify the systems of different suppliers and make them comparable for users. These tests are specified as manufacturer tests. Some of them require special tools, which are usually not available in user laboratories. Therefore, simpler user tests are also described, which are designed for a fast test of the quality of CR systems and long term stability. There are several factors affecting the quality of a CR image including geometrical unsharpness, signal/noise ratio, scatter and contrast sensitivity. There are several additional factors (e.g. scanning parameters), which affect the accurate reading of images on exposed IPs using an optical scanner.

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BS EN ISO 16371-2:2017

Non-destructive testing. Industrial computed radiography with storage phosphor imaging plates. General principles for testing of metallic materials using X-rays and gamma rays (British Standard)

ISO 16371-2:2017 specifies fundamental techniques of computed radiography with the aim of enabling satisfactory and repeatable results to be obtained economically. The techniques are based on the fundamental theory of the subject and tests measurements. ISO 16371-2:2017 specifies the general rules for industrial computed X-rays and gamma radiography for flaw detection purposes, using storage phosphor imaging plates (IP). It is based on the general principles for radiographic examination of metallic materials on the basis of films, as specified in ISO 5579. The basic set-up of radiation source, detector and the corresponding geometry are intended to be applied in accordance with ISO 5579 and corresponding product standards such as ISO 17636 for welding and EN 12681 for foundry. ISO 16371-2:2017 does not lay down acceptance criteria of the imperfections. Computed radiography (CR) systems provide a digital grey value image which can be viewed and evaluated on basis of a computer only. This practice describes the recommended procedure for detector selection and radiographic practice. Selection of computer, software, monitor, printer and viewing conditions are important but not the main focus of ISO 16371-2:2017. The procedure it specifies provides the minimum requirements and practice to permit the exposure and acquisition of digital radiographs with a sensitivity of imperfection detection equivalent to film radiography and as specified in ISO 5579. Some application standards, e.g. EN 16407, can require different and less stringent practice conditions.

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