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Ultrasonic Methods

Non-Destructive Weld Testing Standards cover multiple possible methods of testing welds or metallic materials. Non-destructive testing analysis techniques are used for QA, evaluations, research, in cases where the product is expensive or unique, failure analysis, and so on. With a focus on radiographic testing, these standards also cover magnetic, radioscopic, ultrasonic, and other methods. General rules, guides, terminology, are provided, as well as standard test methods, specific techniques, and acceptance levels, together covering both the broad strokes and the nuanced testing procedures.

BS EN 1330-4:2010

Non-destructive testing. Terminology. Terms used in ultrasonic testing (British Standard)

This European Standard is a part of EN 1330 series, dealing with terminology in the field of ultrasonic testing, e. g. sound generation, sound propagation, probes, calibration blocks and testing techniques.

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ISO 11666:2018

Non-destructive testing of welds - Ultrasonic testing - Acceptance levels

ISO 11666:2018 specifies two ultrasonic acceptance levels known as acceptance level 2 (AL 2) and acceptance level 3 (AL 3) for full penetration welded joints in ferritic steels, which correspond to ISO 5817:2014, quality levels B and C. An acceptance level corresponding to ISO 5817:2014, quality level D is not included in this document, as ultrasonic testing is generally not requested for this weld quality. These acceptance levels are applicable to testing carried out in accordance with ISO 17640. ISO 11666:2018 applies to the testing of full penetration ferritic steel welds, with thicknesses from 8 mm to 100 mm. It can also be used for other types of welds, materials and thicknesses, provided the tests have been performed with necessary consideration of the geometry and acoustic properties of the component, and an adequate sensitivity can be employed to enable the acceptance levels of this document to be applied. The nominal frequency of probes used in this document is between 2 MHz and 5 MHz, unless attenuation or requirements for higher resolution call for other frequencies. It is important to consider the use of these acceptance levels in conjunction with frequencies outside this range carefully.

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ISO 17640:2018

Non-destructive testing of welds - Ultrasonic testing - Techniques, testing levels, and assessment

This document specifies techniques for the manual ultrasonic testing of fusion-welded joints in metallic materials of thickness 8 mm which exhibit low ultrasonic attenuation (especially that due to scatter) at object temperatures from 0 °C to 60 °C. It is primarily intended for use on full penetration welded joints where both the welded and parent material are ferritic. Where material-dependent ultrasonic values are specified in this document, they are based on steels having an ultrasonic sound velocity of (5 920 ± 50) m/s for longitudinal waves and (3 255 ± 30) m/s for transverse waves. This document specifies four testing levels, each corresponding to a different probability of detection of imperfections. Guidance on the selection of testing levels A, B, and C is given in Annex A. This document specifies that the requirements of testing level D, which is intended for special applications, be in accordance with general requirements. Testing level D can only be used when defined by specification. This includes tests of metals other than ferritic steel, tests on partial penetration welds, tests with automated equipment, and tests at object temperatures outside the range 0 °C to 60 °C. This document can be used for the assessment of discontinuities, for acceptance purposes, by either of the following techniques: a) evaluation based primarily on length and echo amplitude of the discontinuity; b) evaluation based on characterization and sizing of the discontinuity by probe movement techniques.

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ISO 22825:2017

Non-destructive testing of welds - Ultrasonic testing - Testing of welds in austenitic steels and nickel-based alloys

ISO 22825:2017 specifies the approach to be followed when developing procedures for the ultrasonic testing of the following welds: - welds in stainless steels; - welds in nickel-based alloys; - welds in duplex steels; - dissimilar metal welds; - austenitic welds. The purposes of the testing can be very different, for example: - for the assessment of quality level (manufacturing); - for the detection of specific discontinuities induced in service. Acceptance levels are not included in ISO 22825:2017, but can be applied in accordance with the scope of the testing (see 4.1). The requirements of ISO 22825:2017 are applicable to both manual and mechanized testing.

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ISO 23279:2017

Non-destructive testing of welds - Ultrasonic testing - Characterization of discontinuities in welds

ISO 23279:2017 specifies how to characterize indications from discontinuities by classifying them as originating from planar or non-planar embedded discontinuities. This procedure is also suitable for indications from discontinuities that break the surface after removal of the weld reinforcement.

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ISO 13588:2019

Non-destructive testing of welds - Ultrasonic testing - Use of automated phased array technology

This document specifies the application of the phased array technology for the semi- or fully automated ultrasonic testing of fusion-welded joints in metallic materials of minimum thickness 6 mm. It applies to full penetration welded joints of simple geometry in plates, pipes, and vessels, where both the weld and the parent material are low-alloy and/or fine grained steel. For the testing of welds in other steel materials this document gives guidance. For coarse-grained or austenitic steels, ISO 22825 applies in addition to this document. This document provides guidance on the specific capabilities and limitations of the phased array technology for the detection, location, sizing and characterization of discontinuities in fusion-welded joints. Phased array technology can be used as a stand-alone technology or in combination with other non-destructive testing (NDT) methods or techniques, for manufacturing inspection, pre-service and for in-service inspection. This document specifies four testing levels, each corresponding to a different probability of detection of imperfections. This document permits assessment of discontinuities for acceptance purposes based either on amplitude (equivalent reflector size) and length, or on height and length. This document does not include acceptance levels for discontinuities. This document is not applicable for automated testing of welds during the production of steel products covered by ISO 10893-8, ISO 10893-11 and ISO 3183.

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ISO 10863:2020

Non-destructive testing of welds - Ultrasonic testing - Use of time-of-flight diffraction technique (TOFD)

This document specifies the application of the time-of-flight diffraction (TOFD) technique to the semi- or fully automated ultrasonic testing of fusion-welded joints in metallic materials of minimum thickness 6 mm. It applies to full penetration welded joints of simple geometry in plates, pipes, and vessels, where both the weld and the parent material are low-alloyed carbon steel. Where specified and appropriate, TOFD can also be used on other types of materials that exhibit low ultrasonic attenuation (especially that due to scatter). Where material-dependent ultrasonic parameters are specified in this document, they are based on steels having a sound velocity of (5 920 ± 50) m/s for longitudinal waves and (3 255 ± 30) m/s for transverse waves. It is necessary to take this fact into account when testing materials with a different velocity. This document makes reference to ISO 16828 and provides guidance on the specific capabilities and limitations of TOFD for the detection, location, sizing and characterization of discontinuities in fusion-welded joints. TOFD can be used as a stand-alone method or in combination with other non-destructive testing (NDT) methods or techniques, for manufacturing inspection, and for in-service inspection. This document specifies four testing levels (A, B, C, D) in accordance with ISO 17635 and corresponding to an increasing level of testing reliability. Guidance on the selection of testing levels is provided. This document permits assessment of TOFD indications for acceptance purposes. This assessment is based on the evaluation of transmitted, reflected and diffracted ultrasonic signals within a generated TOFD image. This document does not include acceptance levels for discontinuities.

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ISO 15626:2018

Non-destructive testing of welds - Time-of-flight diffraction technique (TOFD) - Acceptance levels

This document specifies acceptance levels for the time of flight diffraction technique (TOFD) of full penetration welds in ferritic steels from 6 mm up to 300 mm thickness which correspond to the quality levels of ISO 5817. These acceptance levels are applicable to indications classified in accordance with ISO 10863.

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