Magnetic Particles
Magnetic particle testing standards are published by ISO, ASTM, SAE, and BS. ISO standards cover steel and iron castings and railway rolling stock material. ASTM standards cover standard practices, references, guides, and specifications on magnetic particle testing for aerospace, reference photographs for indications on ferrous castings, examination of steel forgings, examination of large crankshaft forgings, steel casing, surface acceptance, magnetic particle, and liquid penetrant inspection, examination using alternating current and continuous grain flow crankshaft forgings, and use of UVA and visible light sources and meters used in liquid penetrant and magnetic particle methods. SAE standards cover NADCAP requirements, rubber inspection material, acceptance criteria for parts, vehicle petroleum base inspection, dry method, wet methods,tool steel rings, reference standards, acceptance criteria for nuts, and magnetic particle inspection. BS standards cover founding and specification for magnetic particle flaw inspection of finished machined solid forged and drop stamped crankshafts.
ISO 4986:2020
Steel and iron castings - Magnetic particle testing
This document specifies a method for the magnetic particle testing of ferro-magnetic steel and iron castings. It also gives acceptance criteria through severity levels defined by the nature, the area and the dimensions of the discontinuities present. This document is applicable to all ferro-magnetic castings, independent of the moulding method. A steel and iron casting is considered to be ferro-magnetic if the magnetic induction is greater than 1 T (Tesla) for a magnetic field strength of 2,4 kA/m. This document only applies to those areas of the castings specified for testing, as well as the percentage of castings to be tested.
ISO 6933:1986
Railway rolling stock material - Magnetic particle acceptance testing
Specifies a method and procedure for detection of surface discontinuities. Unless otherwise agreed, ISO 6933 shall be applied when magnetic particle tests are agreed or specified for products such as axles and wheels.
ASTM E709-21
Standard Guide for Magnetic Particle Testing
1.1 This guide 2 covers techniques for both dry and wet magnetic particle testing, a nondestructive method for detecting cracks and other discontinuities at or near the surface in ferromagnetic materials. Magnetic particle testing may be applied to raw material, semifinished material (billets, blooms, castings, and forgings), finished material and welds, regardless of heat treatment or lack thereof. It is useful for preventive maintenance testing. 1.1.1 This guide is intended as a reference to aid in the preparation of specifications/standards, procedures and techniques. 1.2 This guide is also a reference that may be used as follows: 1.2.1 To establish a means by which magnetic particle testing, procedures recommended or required by individual organizations, can be reviewed to evaluate their applicability and completeness. 1.2.2 To aid in the organization of the facilities and personnel concerned in magnetic particle testing. 1.2.3 To aid in the preparation of procedures dealing with the examination of materials and parts. This guide describes magnetic particle testing techniques that are recommended for a great variety of sizes and shapes of ferromagnetic materials and widely varying examination requirements. Since there are many acceptable differences in both procedure and technique, the explicit requirements should be covered by a written procedure (see Section 21 ). 1.3 This guide does not indicate, suggest, or specify acceptance standards for parts/pieces examined by these techniques. It should be pointed out, however, that after indications have been produced, they must be interpreted or classified and then evaluated. For this purpose there should be a separate code, specification, or a specific agreement to define the type, size, location, degree of alignment and spacing, area concentration, and orientation of indications that are unacceptable in a specific part versus those which need not be removed before part acceptance. Conditions where rework or repair is not permitted should be specified. 1.4 This guide describes the use of the following magnetic particle method techniques. 1.4.1 Dry magnetic powder (see 8.4 ), 1.4.2 Wet magnetic particle (see 8.5 ), 1.4.3 Magnetic slurry/paint magnetic particle (see 8.5.7 ), and 1.4.4 Polymer magnetic particle (see 8.5.8 ). 1.5 Personnel Qualification - Personnel performing examinations in accordance with this guide should be qualified and certified in accordance with ASNT Recommended Practice No. SNT-TC-1A, ANSI/ASNT Standard CP-189, NAS 410, or as specified in the contract or purchase order. 1.6 Nondestructive Testing Agency - If a nondestructive testing agency as described in Specification E543 is used to perform the examination, the nondestructive testing agency should meet the requirements of Specification E543 . 1.7 Units - The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard. 1.8 Warning - Mercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous material that can cause serious medical issues. Mercury, or its vapor, has been demonstrated to be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials.Caution should be taken when handling mercury and mercury containing products. See the applicable product Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for additional information. Users should be aware that selling mercury or mercury containing products, or both, into your state or country may be prohibited by law. 1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.10 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
ASTM E1444/E1444M-21
Standard Practice for Magnetic Particle Testing for Aerospace
1.1 This practice establishes minimum requirements for magnetic particle testing used for the detection of surface or slightly subsurface discontinuities in ferromagnetic material. This practice is intended for aerospace applications using the wet fluorescent method. Refer to Practice E3024/E3024M for industrial applications. Guide E709 can be used in conjunction with this practice as a tutorial. Note 1: This practice replaces MIL-STD-1949. 1.2 The magnetic particle testing method is used to detect cracks, laps, seams, inclusions, and other discontinuities on or near the surface of ferromagnetic materials. Magnetic particle testing may be applied to raw material, billets, finished and semi-finished materials, welds, and in-service parts. Magnetic particle testing is not applicable to non-ferromagnetic metals and alloys such as austenitic stainless steels. See Appendix X1 for additional information. 1.3 Portable battery powered electromagnetic yokes are outside the scope of this practice. 1.4 All areas of this practice may be open to agreement between the cognizant engineering organization and the supplier, or specific direction from the cognizant engineering organization. 1.5 This standard is a combined standard, an ASTM standard in which rationalized SI units and inch-pound units are included in the same standard, with each system of units to be regarded separately as standard. 1.5.1 Units - The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined. 1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
ASTM E125-63(2018)
Standard Reference Photographs for Magnetic Particle Indications on Ferrous Castings
1.1 This collection of reference photographs covers types and degrees of discontinuities occurring in steel castings and other types of ferrous castings detectable by the dry powder magnetic particle method. 1.2 These reference photographs are intended to assist in the classification of those discontinuities revealed in ferrous castings subjected to magnetic particle examination. 1.3 These reference photographs are intended to be used for purposes of comparison with the magnetic particle indications observed on actual castings. 1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
ASTM A275/A275M-18
Standard Practice for Magnetic Particle Examination of Steel Forgings
1.1 This practice 2 covers a procedure for magnetic particle examination of steel forgings. The procedure will produce consistent results upon which acceptance standards can be based. This practice does not contain acceptance standards or recommended quality levels. 1.2 Only direct current or rectified alternating (full or half wave) current shall be used as the electric power source for any of the magnetizing methods. Alternating current is not permitted because its capability to detect subsurface discontinuities is very limited and therefore unsuitable. 1.2.1 Portable battery powered electromagnetic yokes are outside the scope of this practice. Note 1: Guide E709 may be utilized for magnetic particle examination in the field for machinery components originally manufactured from steel forgings. 1.3 The minimum requirements for magnetic particle examination shall conform to practice standards of Practice E1444/E1444M . If the requirements of this practice are in conflict with the requirements of Practice E1444/E1444M , the requirements of this practice shall prevail. 1.4 This practice and the applicable material specifications are expressed in both inch-pound units and SI units. However, unless the order specifies the applicable M specification designation [SI units], the material shall be furnished to inch-pound units. 1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. 1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
ASTM A456/A456M-08(2018)
Standard Specification for Magnetic Particle Examination of Large Crankshaft
1.1 This is an acceptance specification for the magnetic particle inspection of forged steel crankshafts having main bearing journals or crankpins 4 in. [200 mm] or larger in diameter. 1.2 There are three classes, with acceptance standards of increasing severity: 1.2.1 Class 1. 1.2.2 Class 2 (originally the sole acceptance standard of this specification). 1.2.3 Class 3 (formerly covered in Supplementary Requirement S1 of Specification A456 64 (1970)). 1.3 This specification is not intended to cover continuous grain flow crankshafts (see Specification A983/A983M ); however, Specification A986/A986M may be used for this purpose. Note 1: Specification A668/A668M is a product specification which may be used for slab-forged crankshaft forgings that are usually twisted in order to set the crankpin angles, or for barrel forged crankshafts where the crankpins are machined in the appropriate configuration from a cylindrical forging. 1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. 1.5 Unless the order specifies the applicable M specification designation, the material shall be furnished to the inch units. 1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
ASTM A903/A903M-99(2017)
Standard Specification for Steel Castings, Surface Acceptance Standards, Magnetic Particle and Liquid Penetrant Inspection
1.1 This specification covers acceptance criteria for the surface inspection of steel castings when nondestructively examined by magnetic particle or liquid penetrant inspection. 1.2 This specification is to be used wherever the inquiry, contract, order, or specification states that the acceptance standards for magnetic particle or liquid penetrant inspection shall be in accordance with Specification A903/A903M . 1.3 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in a nonconformance with this specification.
ASTM A966/A966M-15(2020)
Standard Practice for Magnetic Particle Examination of Steel Forgings Using Alternating Current
1.1 This practice covers a procedure for the magnetic particle examination of steel forgings using alternating current as the power source. The procedure will produce consistent results upon which acceptance standards can be based. This practice does not contain acceptance limits or recommended quality levels. 1.2 Only alternating 50 60 cycle current shall be used as the electric power source for any of the magnetizing methods. 1.3 When subsurface indications are sought in forgings, then dc magnetization in accordance with Practice A275/A275M should be used. 1.4 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined. Unless the order specifies the applicable M specification designation [SI units], the inch-pound units shall be used. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
ASTM A986/A986M-01(2021)
Standard Specification for Magnetic Particle Examination of Continuous Grain Flow Crankshaft Forgings
1.1 This specification covers the magnetic particle examination of forged continuous grain flow (CGF) crankshafts intended for medium speed diesel engines. 1.2 For the purpose of magnetic particle indication assessment, the crankshaft is divided into four zones of decreasing operational stress. Acceptance criteria have been set for each zone. 1.3 The engines to which these crankshafts are fitted are commonly used for diesel electric locomotives, marine propulsion, and power generation. Engines fueled by natural gas also fall into this medium speed category. 1.4 Specification A983/A983M is a product specification that covers the manufacture of CGF crankshafts. 1.5 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined. 1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
ASTM E2297-15
Standard Guide for Use of UV-A and Visible Light Sources and Meters used in the Liquid Penetrant and Magnetic Particle Methods
1.1 This guide describes the use of UV-A/Visible light sources and meters used for the examination of materials by the liquid penetrant and magnetic particle processes. This guide may be used to help support the needs for appropriate light intensities and light measurement. 1.2 This guide also provides a reference:... 1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
SAE AS 7114/2A-2008 (SAE AS7114/2A-2008)
NADCAP Requirements for Nondestructive Testing Magnetic Particle Survey (Cancelled: Aug 2008)
This Aerospace Standard is to be used as a supplement to SAE AS7114. In addition to the requirements contained in AS7114, the requirements contained herein shall apply to suppliers seeking NADCAP accreditation for Magnetic Particle Inspection. When customer requirements differ from those specified herein, the customer requirements shall take precedence.
SAE AMS 2309A-2007 (SAE AMS2309A-2007)
Magnetic Rubber Inspection Material (Cancelled: Apr 2007)
This specification covers an inspection material in the form of a liquid room-temperature vulcanizing rubber filled with magnetic particles which is cured by addition of one or more curing agents. The product may be supplied in a variety of viscosities and colors.
SAE AMS 2442A-2007 (SAE AMS2442A-2007)
Magnetic Particle Acceptance Criteria for Parts
This specification establishes acceptance criteria for discontinuities revealed by magnetic particle inspection of parts made from wrought, ferromagnetic materials. These criteria are intended typically for, but not limited to, aerospace parts that require magnetic particle inspection following the completion of fabrication operations.
SAE AMS 2641D-2020
Vehicle, Magnetic Particle Inspection Petroleum Base
This specification covers two types of refined hydrocarbon compounds in the form of liquids. This specification only covers newly manufactured materials.
SAE AMS 3040D-2008 (SAE AMS3040D-2008)
Magnetic Particles, Nonfluorescent, Dry Method
This specification covers nonfluorescent, magnetic particles having black, red, gray, or other color, as specified, supplied in the form of dry powders. This product is used typically as an inspection medium in a dry magnetic particle inspection process in accordance with ASTM E 1444, but usage is not limited to such application.
SAE AMS 3041F-2018
Magnetic Particles, Nonfluorescent, Wet Method, Oil Vehicle, Ready-to-Use
This specification covers nonfluorescent magnetic particles in the form of a mixed, ready-to-use suspension in an odorless inspection oil vehicle.
SAE AMS 3042F-2018
Magnetic Particles, Nonfluorescent, Wet Method, Dry Powder
This specification covers nonfluorescent, magnetic particles in the form of dry powders intended to be suspended in oil or conditioned water vehicle for use in the wet method, magnetic particle inspection.
SAE AMS 3043E-2018
Magnetic Particles, Nonfluorescent, Wet Method, Oil Vehicle, Aerosol Packaged
This specification covers nonfluorescent magnetic particles in the form of a mixed, ready-to-use suspension in an odorless oil vehicle and packaged in aerosol cans.
SAE AMS 3044G-2019
Magnetic Particles, Fluorescent Wet Method, Dry Powder
This specification covers fluorescent magnetic particles in the form of a dry powder.
SAE AMS 3045F-2019
Magnetic Particles, Fluorescent Wet Method, Oil Vehicle, Ready-to-Use
This specification covers fluorescent magnetic particles in the form of a mixed, ready-to-use suspension in an odorless inspection oil vehicle.
SAE AMS 3046H-2020
Magnetic Particles, Fluorescent, Wet Method, Oil Vehicle, Aerosol Packaged
This specification covers one type of fluorescent magnetic particles in the form of a mixed, ready-to-use suspension in an odorless, inspection oil vehicle and packaged in aerosol cans.
SAE AMS-I-83387B-2016 (SAE AMS-I-83387B-2016)
Inspection Process, Magnetic Rubber (Stabilized: Jan 2016)
This specification covers both the material and the examination process of an inspection material in the form of a dispersion of magnetic particles in a controlled viscosity rubber base that cures at room temperature by addition of one or more curing agents. The test object is magnetized with the uncured rubber covering the area of interest. The magnetic particles then migrate to the leakage field caused by the discontinuity. As the rubber cures, discontinuity indications remain in place on the rubber. The product may be supplied in a variety of viscosities and colors.
SAE AS 3071C-2018
Acceptance Criteria - Magnetic Particle, Fluorescent Penetrant, and Contrast Dye Penetrant Inspection
To establish the acceptance criteria for discontinuities as revealed by magnetic particle or liquid penetrant examination of aircraft utility parts as in 1.2.
SAE AS 5282B-2020
Tool Steel Ring for Magnetic Particle Inspection
This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) establishes requirements for the manufacture and certification of tool steel rings for magnetic particle inspection.
SAE AS 5447-2000 (SAE AS5447-2000)
Acceptance Criteria for Nuts - Magnetic Particle, Fluorescent Penetrant, and Visible Penetrant Examination ( Reaffirmed: Jul 2004 )
This standard establishes the acceptance criteria for surface discontinuities as revealed by magnetic particle or liquid penetrant examination of nuts.
SAE J 420-2018
Magnetic Particle Inspection
The scope of this SAE Information Report is to provide general information relative to the nature and use of magnetic particles for nondestructive testing. The document is not intended to provide detailed technical information, but will serve as an introduction to the theory and capabilities of magnetic particle testing, and as a guide to more extensive references.
BS EN 1369:2012
Founding. Magnetic particle testing (British Standard)
This European Standard specifies a magnetic particle testing method for ferro-magnetic iron and steel castings.OTEn iron or steel casting is considered to be ferro-magnetic if the magnetic induction is greater than 1 T (Tesla) for a magnetic field strength of 2,4 kA/m.
BS 5138:1974
Specification for magnetic particle flaw inspection of finished machined solid forged and drop stamped crankshafts (British Standard)
Specifies conditions for magnetic particle flaw inspection of solid forged and drop stamped crankshafts with pin or journal finished machined diameter 80 mm and over, excluding built-up shafts and automotive types. Acceptance levels are given.
