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This report defines the nomenclature, ingredients, and principles needed to develop, annotate, evaluate, and use physiologic waveform databases in developing and testing medical devices. The objective of this report is to provide an integrated overview of the methodology, technology, and potential pitfalls of acquiring, annotating, reconstructing, and using databases for the testing of medical devices and algorithms. It reflects the conscientious efforts of a group of concerned health care professionals, biomedical engineers, device manufacturers, and government representatives to develop a reference document for those involved in developing medical instrumentation.
Correlates gear accuracy grades with gear tooth tolerances. It provides information on manufacturing practices as well as gear measuring methods and practices. Annex material provides guidance on specifying an accuracy grade and information on additional methods of gear inspection.
Covers all aerospace spur and helical power gears lubricated with MIL-L-7808 and MIL-0-5081, Grade 1005 oils and presents an improved flash temperature index formula and a recommended operating index range. Guides designers in determining the scoring resistance of spur and helical gear sets intended for use in aerospace applications
Discusses how noise measurement and control depend upon the individual characteristics of the prime mover, gear unit, and driven machine -- as well as their combined effects in a particular acoustical environment. Indicates certain areas that might require special consideration
Discusses how noise measurement and control depend upon the individual characteristics of the prime mover, gear unit, and driven machine -- as well as their combined effects in a particular acoustical environment. Indicates certain areas that might require special consideration
Explores a method for rating the pitting resistance and bending strength of helical and herringbone gears for oilfield pumping unit reducers. Includes a static torque rating and information on lubrication, shafting, and bolting.
Provides nomenclature common to standard flexible couplings used in mechanical power transmission drives. Also applies to special and modified couplings. Gives designers, manufacturers and users to designate or describe various types of flexible couplings and their elements.
Presents a simple, closed-form procedure as a first step in the minimum volume spur and helical gearset design. Includes methods for selecting geometry and dimensions, considering maximum pitting resistance, bending strength, and scuffing resistance, and methods for selecting profile shift.
Presents a simple, closed-form procedure as a first step in the minimum volume spur and helical gearset design. Includes methods for selecting geometry and dimensions, considering maximum pitting resistance, bending strength, and scuffing resistance, and methods for selecting profile shift.
Gear design is a process of synthesis where gear geometry, materials, heat treatment, manufacturing methods, and lubrication are selected to meet the performance requirements of a given application. The designer must design the gearset with adequate pitting resistance, bending strength, and scuffing resistance to transmit the required power for the design life. With the algorithm presented here, one can select materials and heat treatment within the economic constraints and limitations of manufacturing facilities, and select the gear geometry to satisfy constraints on weight, size and configuration. The gear designer can minimize noise level and operating temperature by minimizing the pitchline velocity and sliding velocity. This is done by specifying high gear accuracy and selecting material strengths consistent with maximum material hardness, to obtain minimum volume gearsets with teeth no larger than necessary to balance the pitting resistance and bending strength. Gear design is not the same as gear analysis. Existing gearsets can only be analyzed, not designed. While design is more challenging than analysis, current textbooks do not provide procedures for designing minimum volume gears. They usually recommend that the number of teeth in the pinion be chosen based solely on avoiding undercut. This information sheet, based on the work of R. Errichello [1], will show why this practice, or any procedure which arbitrarily selects the number of pinion teeth, will not necessarily result in minimum volume gearsets. Although there have been many technical papers on gear design (for example [2] and [3]), most advocate using computer-based search algorithms which are unnecessary. Tucker [4] came the closest to an efficient algorithm, but he did not show how to find the preferred number of teeth for the pinion. This information sheet includes the design of spur and helical gears. Other gear types could be designed by a similar algorithm with some slight modifications to the one presented here.
A simple, closed-form procedure is presented as a first step in the design of minimum volume spur and helical gearsets. The procedure includes methods for selecting geometry and dimensions, considering maximum pitting resistance, bending strength, and scuffing resistance. It also includes methods for selecting profile shift.
This information sheet is provided as an editorial guide when preparing AGMA standards. It describes the SI system of units and the multiples and sub-multiples to be used in AGMA standards. The purpose of these guidelines is to assure uniformity of metric terms and abbreviations.
This document describes industry accepted practices to inspect molded plastic gears. It identifies the unique characteristics of molded plastic gears that influence the accuracy and repeatability of gear measurements. This document does not establish a quality classification system or tolerances for plastic gear geometry. This document describes the equipment commonly used in measuring plastic gears, the measurement techniques that can be employed, and statistical and system analysis issues that can be applied.
Serves as a guide in the measurement of surface texture including roughness as it applies to gear teeth and tooth fillets. Describes the necessary characteristics that affect the function of gear teeth and their measurement such as roughness, waviness, undulation and direction of measurement.
Gives the equations for calculating the pitting resistance geometry factor, I, for external and internal spur and helical gears, and the bending strength geometry factor, J, for external spur and helical gears that are generated by rack-type tools (hobs, rack cutters or generating grinding wheels) or pinion-type tools (shaper cutters). Includes charts which provide geometry factors, I and J, for a range of typical gear sets and tooth forms.
Gives the equations for calculating the pitting resistance geometry factor, I, for external and internal spur and helical gears, and the bending strength geometry factor, J, for external spur and helical gears that are generated by rack-type tools (hobs, rack cutters or generating grinding wheels) or pinion-type tools (shaper cutters). Includes charts which provide geometry factors, I and J, for a range of typical gear sets and tooth forms.
This Information Sheet, AGMA 908-B89, was prepared to assist designers making preliminary design studies, and to present data that might prove useful for those designers without access to computer programs. The tables for geometry factors contained in this Information Sheet do not cover all tooth forms, pressure angles, and pinion and gear modifications, and are not applicable to all gear designs. However, information is also contained for determining geometry factors for other conditions and applications. It is hoped that sufficient geometry factor data is included to be of help to the majority of gear designers. Geometry factors for strength were first published in Information Sheet AGMA 225.01, March, 1959, Strength of Spur, Helical, Herringbone and Bevel Gear Teeth. Additional geometry factors were later published in Standards AGMA 220.02, AGMA 221.02, AGMA 222.02, and AGMA 223.01. AGMA Technical Paper 229.07, October, 1963, Spur and Helical Gear Geometry Factors, contained many geometry factors not previously published. Due to the number of requests for this paper, it was decided to publish the data in the form of an Information Sheet which became AGMA 226.01, Geometry Factors for Determining the Strength of Spur, Helical, Herringbone and Bevel Gear Teeth. AGMA 218.01, AGMA Standard for Rating the Pitting Resistance and Bending Strength of Spur and Helical Involute Gear Teeth, was published with the methods for determining the geometry factors. When AGMA 218.01 was revised as ANSI/AGMA 2001-B88, the calculation procedures for Geometry Factors, I and J, were transferred to this revision of the Geometry Factor Information Sheet. The values of I and J factors obtained using the methods of this Information sheet are the same as those of AGMA 218.01. The calculation procedure for I was simplified, but the end result is mathematically identical. Also, the calculation of J was modified to include shaper cutters and an equation was added for the addendum modification coefficient, x, previously undefined and all too often misunderstood. Appendices have been added to document the historical derivation of both I and J.
This Information Sheet gives the equations for calculating the pitting resistance geometry factor, I, for external and internal spur and helical gears, and the bending strength geometry factor, J, for external spur and helical gears that are generated by rack-type tools (hobs, rack cutters or generating grinding wheels) or pinion-type tools (shaper cutters). The Information Sheet also i
This information sheet is intended to aid the designer to select an appropriate set of specifications that will clearly convey to the producer what is required. Implications and reasons for the design specifications are discussed. Suggested data forms are given in annexes A, B and C. TYPES OF GEARS AND PROCESSES These specifications cover the types of plastic gears commonly manufactured by injection molding. Specifications are described for involute external and internal spur and helical gears. Less common bevel and face gears are not covered here because their specifications are significantly different, although they can be injection molded. Gears made by methods other than injection molding may require other specifications or practices.
This information sheet is intended to aid the designer to select an appropriate set of specifications that will clearly convey to the producer what is required. Implications and reasons for the design specifications are discussed. Suggested data forms are given in annexes A, B and C. TYPES OF GEARS AND PROCESSES These specifications cover the types of plastic gears commonly manufactured by injection molding. Specifications are described for involute external and internal spur and helical gears. Less common bevel and face gears are not covered here because their specifications are significantly different, although they can be injection molded. Gears made by methods other than injection molding may require other specifications or practices.
Consists of a series of printed forms for gear drawings that contain the appropriate data the gear designer must tabulate for the gear manufacturer. Includes a series of definitions of the various tabulated items. Appendix contains blank, pre-printed forms that can easily be copied for the user's drawings.
Consists of a series of printed forms for gear drawings that contain the appropriate data the gear designer must tabulate for the gear manufacturer. Includes a series of definitions of the various tabulated items. Appendix contains blank, pre-printed forms that can easily be copied for the userÆs drawings.
This information sheet consists of a series of printed forms for gear drawings that contain the appropriate data to be tabulated by the gear designer for the gear manufacturer. It also includes a series of definitions of the various tabulated items. The new information sheet supersedes AGMA 910-C90.
This information sheet consists of a series of printed forms for gear drawings that contain the appropriate data to be tabulated by the gear designer for the gear manufacturer. It also includes a series of definitions of the various tabulated items. The new information sheet supersedes AGMA 910-C90.
Covers current gear design practices as they are applied to air vehicles and spacecraft, beyond the design of gear meshes. Presents the broad spectrum of factors which combine to produce a working gear system, whether it be a power transmission or special purpose mechanism. Covers only spur, helical and bevel gears. (Does not cover wormgears, face gears, and various proprietary tooth forms.
Covers current gear design practices as they are applied to air vehicles and spacecraft, beyond the design of gear meshes. Presents the broad spectrum of factors which combine to produce a working gear system, whether it be a power transmission or special purpose mechanism. Covers only spur, helical and bevel gears. (Does not cover wormgears, face gears, and various proprietary tooth forms.
SCOPE This information sheet covers current gear design practices as they are applied to air vehicles and spacecraft. The material included goes beyond the design of gear meshes per se, and presents, for the consideration of the designer, the broad spectrum of factors which combine to produce a working gear system, whether it be a transmission, gearbox, or special purpose mechanism. Although a variety of gear types, such as wormgears, face gears and various proprietary tooth forms are used in aerospace applications, this document covers only conventional spur, helical, and bevel gears. FOREWORD AGMA 911-A94 supersedes AGMA Standard 411.02, Design Procedure for Aircraft Engine and Power Take-Off Spur and Helical Gears. Its purpose is to provide guidance to the practicing aerospace gear engineer in the design, manufacture, inspection, and assembly of aerospace gearing. In addition, it addresses the lubrication, environmental, and application conditions which impact the gearbox as a working system of components. Material in the Information Sheet is supplemental to current AGMA Standards but does not constitute a Standard itself. By definition, Standards reflect established industry practice. In contrast, some of the practices discussed here have not seen enough usage to be considered standard, but they do provide insight to design techniques used in state-of-the-art aerospace equipment. It is expected that the user of this Information Sheet will have some general experience in gear and machine design, and some knowledge of current shop and inspection practices. AGMA 911-B21 replaces AGMA 911-A94. This revision reorganized and updated the previous sections to current practices. The scope was expanded to include gear systems not just gearing. The title of the document was changed from Design Guidelines for Aerospace Gearing to Design Guidelines for Aerospace Gear Systems. Annexes C and D were added to cover alternative tooth geometry and asymmetric teeth. Annex E was added to give examples of rotorcraft regulations. The first draft of AGMA 911-B21 was made in January 2013. It was approved by the technical committee in September 2020. It was approved by the Technical Division Executive Committee (TDEC) in May 2021. ABSTRACT This information sheet covers current gearbox design practices as they are applied to air vehicles and spacecraft. The material included goes beyond the design of gear meshes and presents the broad spectrum of factors which combine to produce a working gear system, whether it be a power gearbox or special purpose mechanism. Although a variety of gear types, such as wormgears, face gears and various proprietary tooth forms are used in aerospace applications, this document covers only spur, helical, and bevel gears. NORMATIVE REFERENCES The following documents contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this information sheet. At the time of publication, the editions indicated were valid. All standards are subject to revision, and parties to agreements based on this information sheet are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of the standards indicated below. AGMA 901, A Rational Procedure for the Preliminary Design of Minimum-Volume Gears AGMA 904, Metric Usage AGMA 908, Geometry Factors for Determining the Pitting Resistance and Bending Strength of Spur, Helical and Herringbone Gear Teeth AGMA 923, Metallurgical Specifications for Steel Gearing AGMA 925, Effect of Lubrication on Gear Surface Distress AGMA 937-A12, Aerospace Bevel Gears AGMA 938, Shot Peening of Gears ANSI/AGMA 1010, Appearance of Gear Teeth – Terminology of Wear and Failure ANSI/AGMA 1012, Gear Nomenclature, Definition of Terms with Symbols ANSI/AGMA 2101-D04, Fundamental Rating Factors and Calculation Methods for Involute Spur and Helical Gear Teeth ANSI/AGMA 2003, Rating the Pitting Resistance and Bending Strength of Generated Straight Bevel, Zerol, Bevel, and Spiral Bevel Gear Teeth ANSI/AGMA 2004, Gear Materials and Heat Treatment Manual and Processing Manual ANSI/AGMA 2015-2, Gear Tooth Flank Tolerance Classification System – Definitions and Allowable Values of Double Flank Radial Composite Deviations ANSI/AGMA ISO 1328-1, Cylindrical Gears – ISO System of Flank Tolerance Classification – Part 1: Definitions and Allowable Values of Deviations Relevant to Flanks of Gear Teeth ANSI/AGMA ISO 14104, Gears – Surface Temper Etch Inspection After Grinding, Chemical Method ANSI B92.1, Involute Splines and Inspection ANSI B92.2M, Metric Module Involute Splines and Inspection ISO 4156-1:2005, Straight cylindrical involute splines – Metric module, side fit – Part 1: Generalities ISO 4156-2:2005, Straight cylindrical involute splines – Metric module, side fit – Part 2: Dimensions ISO 4156-3:2005, Straight cylindrical involute splines – Metric module, side fit – Part 3: Inspection DOD-PRF-85734, Lubricating Oil, Helicopter Transmission System, Synthetic Base MIL-HDBK-310, Global Climatic Data for Developing Military Products MIL-PRF-23699, Lubricating Oil, Aircraft Turbine Engine, Synthetic Base, NATO Code Number O156 MIL-PRF-7808, Lubricating Oil, Aircraft Turbine Engine, Synthetic Base MIL-STD-461, Electromagnetic Interference Characteristics Requirements for Equipment MIL-STD-462, Measurement of Electromagnetic Interference Characteristics MIL-STD-810, Environmental Test Methods and Engineering Guidelines NASA Technical Memorandum 82473, Terrestrial Environment (Climatic) Criteria Guidelines for Use in Aerospace Vehicle Development NASA-STD-6012, Corrosion Protection for Space Flight Hardware NASA-STD-8729.1, NASA Reliability and Maintainability (R&M) Standard for Spaceflight and Support Systems
This information sheet describes many of the ways in which gear teeth can fail and recommends methods for reducing gear failure. It provides guidance for those attempting to analyze gear failures. It should be used in conjunction with ANSI/AGMA 1010-E95 in which the gear tooth failure modes are defined. They are described in detail to help investigators understand failures and investigate remedies. This information sheet does not discuss the details of disciplines such as dynamics, material science, corrosion or tribology. It is hoped that the material presented will facilitate communication in the investigation of gear operating problems.
This information sheet provides a general method for specifying profile shift and rack shift, with gear nomenclature and definitions
This information sheet is intended to provide sufficient information to allow its users to be able to translate tooth thickness specifications which are expressed in terms of tooth thickness, center distance or diameter into profile shift coefficients, as that term is used in international standards. This AGMA information sheet and related publications are based on typical or average data, conditions or application. AGMA 913-A98 was approved by the AGMA membership on March 13, 1998.
This information sheet provides a general method for specifying profile shift and rack shift, with gear nomenclature and definitions
This information sheet provides a general method for specifying profile shift and rack shift, with gear nomenclature and definitions
This information sheet discusses how noise measurement and control depend upon the individual characteristics of the prime mover, gear unit, and driven machine, as well as their combined effects in a particular acoustical environment. It indicates certain areas that might require special attention. This document is a revision of AGMA 299.01 to include updated references and a discussion of Fast Fourier Transform analysis.
This information sheet discusses how noise measurement and control depend upon the individual characteristics of the prime mover, gear unit, and driven machine, as well as their combined effects in a particular acoustical environment. It indicates certain areas that might require special attention. This document is a revision of AGMA 299.01 to include updated references and a discussion of Fast Fourier Transform analysis.
Provides a code of practice dealing with inspection relevant to tangential element and composite deviations of cylindrical involute gears (measurements referred to single flank contact). Supplement to ANSI/AGMA 2015-1-A01. ISBN: 1-55589-798-3 Pages: 39
This information sheet discusses inspection of cylindrical involute gears using the radial (double flank) composite method, with recommended practices detailed. Also included is a clause on runout and eccentricity measurement methods. This information sheet is a supplement to the standard ANSI/AGMA 2015-2-AXX. It replaced AGMA ISO 10064-2 and the information on similar subjects as covered in AGMA 2000-A88.
Provides recommended numerical values relating to the inspection of gear blanks, shaft center distance and parallelism of shaft axes. Discussions include such topics as methods for defining datum axes on components; the use of center holes and mounting surfaces during manufacturing and inspection; and, recommended values of in-plane and out-of-plane deviations of shaft parallelism. Modified adoption of ISO/TR 10064-3:1996.
In the course of revising ANSI/AGMA 2000-A88, Gear Classification and Inspection Handbook - Tolerances and Measuring Methods for Unassembled Spur and Helical Gears, the AGMA Inspection Handbook Committee agreed that the ISO information from ISO/TR 10064-3:1996, relative to the inspection of gear blanks, shaft center distance and parallelism of axes should be published under separate cover as an AGMA Information Sheet. For the general replacement of ANSI/AGMA 2000-A88, a system of documents as listed below, together with this information sheet, has been established: - AGMA 915-1-AXX, Inspection Practices for Cylindrical Gears - Tangential Measurements - AGMA 915-2-AXX, Inspection Practices for Cylindrical Gears - Radial Measurements - AGMA 915-4-AXX, Inspection Practices - Recommendations Relative to Surface Texture - AGMA 2015-1-AXX, Accuracy Classification System for Cylindrical Gears - Tangential Measurements - AGMA 2015-2-AXX, Accuracy Classification System for Cylindrical Gears - Radial Measurements ISO/TR 10064-3:1996 was prepared by ISO Technical Committee TC 60, Gears. AGMA 915-3-A99 is not identical to ISO/TR 10064-3:1996, Cylindrical gears - Code of inspection practice - Part 3: Recommendations relative to gear blanks, shaft centre distance and parallelism of axes. It was agreed to be sent directly to committee comment in May of 1998, after project approval by the TDEC. The Committee, during comment resolution, made the following changes to the original ISO Technical Report: - Addition of reference to ISO 1101 in clause 4; - Changed the wording of the first paragraph of 4.3; - Revised figure 4, reversing the datum and runout callouts; - Changed 4.11 and figure 5, replacing datum surfaces with reference bands. The Committee decided that these changes were sufficient enough to require an additional committee comment in February, 1999. It was approved by the AGMA Technical Division Executive Committee on May 20, 1999.
ABSTRACT This information sheet describes design calculations for spur pinions and face gears that intersect with perpendicular axes. The procedure described in this document will result in a face gear tooth geometry that is defined by the generating action of a reciprocating spur gear cutter which incorporates certain essential features of the mating pinion. The method described applies to all modules and profile angles. SCOPE This document describes design calculations for spur pinions and face gears that intersect with perpendicular axes. Face gears can also be designed in non-right-angled arrangements, helical arrangements or offset axis configurations. These methods go beyond the scope of this document. The procedure described in this document will result in a face gear tooth geometry that is defined by the generating action of a reciprocating spur gear cutter which incorporates certain essential features of the mating pinion. The manufacturing approach described by this procedure is outlined in Clause 4.
This manual provides guidance for the design of fine-pitch gearing of the following types: Diametral pitch from 20 to 120; Spur and helical (parallel axis); External, internal and rack forms
This manual provides guidance for the design of fine-pitch gearing of the following types: Diametral pitch from 20 to 120; Spur and helical (parallel axis); External, internal and rack forms
This manual provides guidance for the design of fine-pitch gearing of the following types: Diametral pitch from 20 to 120; Spur and helical (parallel axis); External, internal and rack forms
Provides numerical examples for calculating the pitting resistance geometry factor, I, and bending strength geometry factor, J, for typical gearsets that are generated by rack-type tools (hobs, rack cutters or generating grinding wheels) or pinion-type tools (disk-type shaper cutters).
Provides numerical examples for calculating the pitting resistance geometry factor, I, and bending strength geometry factor, J, for typical gearsets that are generated by rack-type tools (hobs, rack cutters or generating grinding wheels) or pinion-type tools (disk-type shaper cutters).
This AGMA information sheet and related publications are based on typical or average data, conditions, or application. This information sheet, AGMA 918-A93, was prepared to assist designers in the proper use and interpretation of AGMA 908-B89 and to assist in the development of computer programs when calculating geometry factors for pitting resistance, I, and bending strength, J. A flow chart provides a step by step procedure for the calculation of these factors, either manually or by computer program. Several examples are provided to demonstrate the calculation procedure for the various characteristics of geometry as described in AGMA 908-B89. These include accurate and inaccurate spur gears, conventional and LACR helical gears, internal and external gears, double helical and herringbone (Sykes) gears, and addendum modifications. The calculation of J-factor for internal gears is not defined in AGMA 908-B89 and, therefore, is not covered in this information sheet. A tabulation of all calculated variables is provided for each example based on its design criteria. This provides the designer with known results to check against when calculating or programming these factors.
The new information sheet provides basic overviews of key approaches to establishing a condition monitoring and diagnostics program for open gearing and enclosed gear units. This information sheet attempts to inform the reader of the common techniques used and parameters measured for condition monitoring of a gear unit allowing the reader to build a program based on individual needs
This document serves to aid the gear designer in understanding the unique physical, mechanical and thermal behavior of plastic materials. Topics covered include general plastic material behavior, gear operating conditions, plastic gear manufacturing, tests for gear related material properties, and typical plastic gear materials.
The purpose of this document is to aid the gear designer in understanding the unique physical, mechanical and thermal behavior of plastic materials. The use of plastic materials for gear applications has grown considerably due to cost and performance issues. Growing markets include the automotive, business machine, and consumer-related industries. Topics covered include general plastic material behavior, gear operating conditions, plastic gear manufacturing, tests for gear related material properties, and typical plastic gear materials. There are no quantitative details on material properties or any comparative evaluations of plastic types. Such specific information is left to be provided by material suppliers and gear manufacturers.
This information sheet provides suggested load classifications and related service factors that are most frequently used for various flexible coupling applications. Typical applications using smooth prime movers are listed. Special considerations which may involve unusual or severe loading are also discussed.
This document was developed originally as standard AGMA 514.01 by the Flexible Coupling Product Group of AGMA to show some of the applications for flexible couplings and to serve as a guide to the character of the loads found in these applications. It made no attempt to include all possible applications for flexible couplings, but a sufficient number and variety were covered to serve as a guide for proper application. The load classification and service factors shown in this document vary for some types of equipment from identical or similar equipment as shown in other AGMA Standards. Such variations are not errors or discrepancies, but have been determined based on design, construction and limitations of the flexible coupling. The first draft of AGMA 514.01 was prepared by the Flexible Coupling Technical Committee in January 1968. It was approved by Flexible Coupling Product Group 7 on October 20, 1968. AGMA 514.01 became an official AGMA standard on May 27, 1969. AGMA 514.02 was a revision of AGMA 514.01. The major change was the addition of Service Factors to table 2. AGMA 514.02 was approved by the AGMA Membership on October 22, 1971. The Flexible Couplings Committee voted to change the standard to an information sheet. The only changes made were editorial, necessary to reflect an information sheet.
This document identifies gear material characteristics which are important to performance. AGMA standards for gear load capacity calculations require allowable stress numbers related to material grade, which are based on type and heat treatment. For each heat treatment method and AGMA grade number, acceptance criteria are given for various material characteristics identified in this document.
This document identifies metallurgical quality characteristics which are important to the performance of steel gearing. The AGMA gear rating standards identify performance levels of gearing by heat treatment method and grade number. For each heat treatment method and AGMA grade number, acceptance criteria are given for various metallurgical characteristics identified in this document.
This document provides currently available infomration pertaining to oil lubrication of industrial gears for power transmissino applications.á It is intended to serve as a general guideline and source of information about gear oils, their properties, and their tribological behavior in gear contacts.á Equations provided allow the calculatino of specific film thickness and instantaneous contact (flash) temperature for gears in service, and to help assess the potential risk of surface distress (scuffing, micropitting and macropitting, and scoring) involved with a given lubricant choice.
The purpose of this information sheet is to provide the user with information pertinent to the lubrication of industrial metal gears for power transmission applications. It is intended that this document serve as a general guideline and source of information about conventional lubricants, their properties, and their general tribological behavior in gear contacts. This information sheet was developed to supplement ANSI/AGMA Standards 2101-C95 and 2001-C95. It has been introduced as an aid to the gear manufacturing and user community. Accumulation of feedback data will serve to enhance future developments and improved methods to evaluate lubricant related wear risks. It was clear from the work initiated on the revision of AGMA Standards 2001-C95 and 2101-C95 (metric version) that supporting information regarding lubricant properties and general tribological knowledge of contacting surfaces would aid in the understanding of these standards. The information would also provide the user with more tools to help make a more informed decision about the performance of a geared system. This information sheet provides sufficient information about the key lubricant parameters to enable the user to generate reasonable estimates about scuffing and wear based on the collective knowledge of theory available for these modes at this time. In 1937 Harmon Blok published his theory about the relationship between contact temperature and scuffing. This went largely unnoticed in the U.S. until the early 1950’s when Bruce Kelley showed that Blok’s method and theories correlated well with experimental data he had generated on scuffing of gear teeth. The Blok flash temperature theory began to receive serious consideration as a predictor of scuffing in gears. The methodology and theories continued to evolve through the 1950’s with notable contributions from Dudley, Kelley and Benedict in the areas of application rating factors, surface roughness effects and coefficient of friction. The 1960’s saw the evolution of gear calculations and understanding continue with computer analysis and factors addressing load sharing and tip relief issues. The AGMA Aerospace Committee began using all the available information to produce high quality products and help meet its long-term goal of manned space flight. R. Errichello introduced the SCORING+ computer program in 1985, which included all of the advancements made by Blok, Kelley, Dudley and the Aerospace Committee to that time. It became the basis for annex A of ANSI/AGMA 2101-C95 and 2001-C95 which helped predict the risk of scuffing and wear. In the 1990s, this annex formed the basis for AGMA’s contribution to ISO 13989-1. Just as many others took the original Blok theories and expanded them, the Tribology Subcommittee of the Helical Gear Rating Committee has attempted to expand the original annex A of ANSI/AGMA 2001-C95 and 2101-C95. Specifically, the subcommittee targeted the effect lubrication may have on gear surface distress. As discussions evolved, it became clear that this should be a standalone document which will hopefully serve many other gear types. This should be considered a work in progress as more is learned about the theories and understanding of the various parameters and how they affect the life of the gear. Some of these principles are also mentioned in ISO/TR 13989-1. AGMA 925-A03 was approved by the AGMA Technical Division Executive Committee on March 13, 2003.
This information sheet is designed to provide currently available tribological information pertaining to lubrication of industrial gears for power transmission applications. It is intended to serve as a general guideline and source of information about gear lubricants and the influences of their properties, gear tooth surface roughness, and pressure distribution in the contact region on the general tribological behavior in gear contacts. Manufacturers and end-users are encouraged, however, to work with their lubricant suppliers to address specific concerns or special issues that may not be covered here (such as greases). The equations provided herein allow the user to calculate specific lubricant film thickness and instantaneous contact (flash) temperature for gears in service. These two parameters are considered critical in defining areas of operation that may lead to unwanted surface distress. Surface distress may be scuffing (adhesive wear), fatigue (micropitting and macropitting), or excessive abrasive wear. Each of these forms of surface distress may be influenced by the lubricant. The calculations are offered to help assess the potential risk involved with a given lubricant choice. Flow charts are included as aids to using the equations. This information sheet is a supplement to ANSI/AGMA 2101. It has been introduced as an aid to the gear manufacturing and user community. Accumulation of feedback data will serve to enhance future developments and improved methods to evaluate lubricant related surface distress.
Establishes recommended practices for material case and core properties, microstructure and processing procedures for carburized AISI 9310 aerospace gears. This document is not intended to be a practice for any gears other than those applied to aerospace. Replaces AGMA 246.02a.
Establishes recommended practices for material case and core properties, microstructure and processing procedures for carburized AISI 9310 aerospace gears. This document is not intended to be a practice for any gears other than those applied to aerospace. Replaces AGMA 246.02a.
AGMA 927-A01, Load Distribution Factors - Analytical Methods for Cylindrical Gears, describes an analytical procedure for the calculation of face load distribution factor. The iterative solution that is described is compatible with the definitions of the term face load distribution (KH) of AGMA standards and longitudinal load distribution (KH$ and KF$) of the ISO standards. The procedure is easily programmable and flow charts of the calculation scheme, as well as examples from typical software are presented.
This information sheet covers a method for the evaluation of load distribution across the teeth of parallel axis gears. A general discussion of the design and manufacturing factors which influence load distribution is included.
This information sheet supplements ANSI/AGMA 2005--D03with calculations for bevel gear top land and guidance for selection of cutter edge radius for determination of tooth geometry. It integrates various publications with modifications to include face hobbing. It adds top land calculations for non--generated manufacturing methods. It is intended to provide assistance in completing the calculations requiring determination of top lands and cutter edge radii for gear capacity in accordance with ANSI/AGMA 2003--B97.
This information sheet supplements ANSI/AGMA 2005--D03with calculations for bevel gear top land and guidance for selection of cutter edge radius for determination of tooth geometry. It integrates various publications with modifications to include face hobbing. It adds top land calculations for non--generated manufacturing methods. It is intended to provide assistance in completing the calculations requiring determination of top lands and cutter edge radii for gear capacity in accordance with ANSI/AGMA 2003--B97.
This information sheet describes a procedure for calculating the load capacity of a pair of powder metallurgy external spur gears based on tooth bending strength. Two types of loading are considered: 1) repeated loading over many cycles; and 2) occasional peak loading. It also describes an essentially reverse procedure for establishing an initial design from specified applied loads. As part of the load capacity calculations, there is a detailed analysis of the gear teeth geometry, including tooth profiles and various fillets.
This information sheet describes a procedure for calculating the load capacity of a pair of powder metallurgy external spur gears based on tooth bending strength. Two types of loading are considered: 1) repeated loading over many cycles; and 2) occasional peak loading. It also describes an essentially reverse procedure for establishing an initial design from specified applied loads. As part of the load capacity calculations, there is a detailed analysis of the gear teeth geometry, including tooth profiles and various fillets.
Provides guidelines for the alignment of such instrument elements as centers, ways, and probe systems. The instrument accuracy requirements needed to meet the accuracy of product gears is discussed. It also covers the application of gear artifacts to determine instrument accuracy. This involves the calculation of U95 uncertainty at all steps from the artifact to the final product gears. This document serves to supplement current calibration standards ANSI/AGMA 2110-A94, ANSI/AGMA 2113-A97 and ANSI/AGMA 2114-A98.
This information sheet provides a method by which different hypoid gear designs can be compared. The formulas are intended to establish a uniformly acceptable method for calculating the pitting resistance and bending strength capacity of both curved and skewed tooth hypoid gears. They apply equally to tapered depth and uniform depth teeth. Annexes contain graphs for geometry factors and a sample calculation to assist the user.
This information sheet illustrates important geometrical relationships which provide a sound basis for a thoroughly logical and comprehensive system of gear geometry. Replaces AGMA 115.01.
A paper entitled Gear Geometry, by Allan H. Candee, Mechanical Engineer, Gleason Works, was presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Gear Manufacturers Association in May, 1929. The paper was an extension of the author’s ideas presented in ten blueprinted pages of diagrams, terms, and definitions to members of the AGMA Nomenclature Committee in April, 1928, under the title Universal Gear Geometry. The paper of 1929 was reproduced in AMERICAN MACHINIST, July 4 and 11, 1929. Later, in April, 1936, it was adopted by AGMA as a Recommended Practice, and reprints were distributed to members. At that time, the letter symbols for angles were revised to conform to the standardization then under way in the Nomenclature Committee. The 1959 publication of AGMA 115.01, Basic Gear Geometry, was essentially a reissue of the 1929 paper by Allan H. Candee. The original wording was found to conform without need of change to the terms and definitions in AGMA 112.03, Gear Nomenclature. Only minor editorial improvements were made, and a new term was introduced, profile angle, which is explained in the definitions. This information serves as an introduction to and explanation of the geometrical relationships in gear teeth, but it does not in any way modify or affect standard gear nomenclature which is the outcome of conscientious efforts by the AGMA Nomenclature Committee which began more than seventy years ago. The contents were reaffirmed by the AGMA Nomenclature Committee in 1988. It was then submitted to the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) as a proposed national standard. ANSI approved AGMA 115.01 as a national standard on September 7, 1989. In 2000, the Technical Division Executive Committee voted to withdraw ANSI/AGMA 115.01 as a national standard and to return its contents back as an AGMA information sheet, duplicating Candee’s original work. In a few instances, words have been deleted, ...., and added (italic), in an effort to make the meaning clear to today’s reader. The first draft of AGMA 933-B03 was made in May, 2000. It was approved by the AGMA Technical Division Executive Committee on October 20, 2002.
A clear and accurate understanding of the elements involved is indispensable to all who deal with the design, dimensioning, cutting and measurement of gear teeth. The information here presented has been collected and arranged with the idea of making the important geometrical relationships as easy to see as possible with the intention of providing a sound basis for a thoroughly logical and comprehensive system of gear geometry. The accurate exchange of ideas requires the exact definition and use of terms. Nowhere is this true to a greater degree than in the case of the present subject. Therefore, we will begin with a definition.
The condition and alignment of gear measuring instruments can greatly influence the measurement of product gears. This information sheet provides qualification procedures for double flank testers that are used for the evaluation of radial composite deviations of gears. It discusses guidelines for alignment of double flank tester elements such as centers, ways, probe systems, etc. It also covers the application of artifacts to determine instrument accuracy. This information sheet is a supplement to standard ANSI/AGMA 2116-A05.
Between 1994 and 1998, AGMA published three standards on calibration of gear measuring instruments: ANSI/AGMA 2010-A94, Measuring Instrument Calibration –Part I, Involute Measurement, ANSI/AGMA 2113-A97, Measuring Instrument Calibration, Gear Tooth Alignment Measurement, and ANSI/AGMA 2114-A98, Measuring Instrument Calibration, Gear Pitch and Runout Measurements. These standards covered elemental measurements specified in the accuracy requirements of ANSI/AGMA 2015-1-A01, Accuracy Classification System - Tangential Measurements for Cylindrical Gears. The Calibration Committee decided that supplemental information, on measurement system conditions for calibration, accuracy requirements and uncertainty determination, was desirable to have in an Information Sheet, AGMA 931-A02, Calibration of Gear Measuring Instruments and Their Application to the Inspection of Product Gears that was published in 2002. The material in these AGMA documents were combined and submitted to ISO for the development of ISO 18653:2003, Gears - Evaluation of instruments for the measurement of gears, and ISO/TR 10064-5:2005, Cylindrical gears - Code of inspection practice - Part 5: Recommendations relative to evaluation of gear measuring instruments. The Calibration Committee decided that the similar standardization and information was needed for the evaluation methods of double flank testers used for (radial) composite measurement of gears. After a study of existing practices, standards, and literature the information contained herein is a consolidation of the most common practices currently in existence. The first draft of AGMA 935-A05 was made in August, 2003. It was approved by the AGMA Technical Division Executive Committee in October, 2005.
Covers aerospace bevel gears for power, accessory and actuation applications. It provides additional information on the design, manufacturing and quality control unique to the aerospace environment. The new information sheet was developed to fill the void following the withdrawal of AGMA 431.01. It expands the scope to include all applications of aerospace bevel gearing.
Covers aerospace bevel gears for power, accessory and actuation applications. It provides additional information on the design, manufacturing and quality control unique to the aerospace environment. The new information sheet was developed to fill the void following the withdrawal of AGMA 431.01. It expands the scope to include all applications of aerospace bevel gearing.
This information sheet provides a tool for gear designers interested in the residual compressive stress properties produced by shot peening and its relationship to gearing. It also discusses shot media materials, delivery methods and process controls.
The purpose of this information sheet is to provide a centralized reference for shot peening information for other AGMA documents. Previously, multiple AGMA documents had varying descriptions of the shot peening process. This information sheet provides a thorough process description to assist the gear designer in understanding and implementing the shot peening process. The first draft of AGMA 938-A05 was made in August 2003. It was approved by the AGMA Technical Division Executive Committee in May 2005.
This information sheet gives the background and basic guidelines to consider the feasibility of austempered ductile iron (ADI) for gear applications. It contains experimental, experiential and anecdotal information to assist in the specification, purchase and manufacture of ADI components. The metallurgy of ADI, relevant factors in its production, allowable stress numbers, and stress cycle curves are reviewed. It also has references, relevant standards, and evaluation methods used in the manufacture of ADI components. ISBN: 978-1-55589-901-1
This information sheet is designed to familiarize the gear designer with austempered ductile iron and, in particular, its use in gears and power train components. It covers the areas of designing, purchasing, specifying and verifying the material for the application.
This information sheet addresses epicyclic gear drives which utilize double helical type gearing on the planetary elements. It is intended to be a supplement to and used in conjunction with ANSI/AGMA 6123--B06, Design Manual for Enclosed Epicyclic Gear Dives. It covers only those topics which are unique to double helical gear arrangements in epicyclic gear drives.
This information sheet addresses epicyclic gear drives which utilize double helical type gearing on the planetary elements. It is intended to be a supplement to and used in conjunction with ANSI/AGMA 6123--B06, Design Manual for Enclosed Epicyclic Gear Dives. It covers only those topics which are unique to double helical gear arrangements in epicyclic gear drives.
This information sheet recommends powder metallurgy, PM, steel materials and metallurgical quality characteristics for use in specifying PM gearing. It identifies specifications and requirements for various PM steel materials for as--sintered, through hardened or sinter hardened, carburized case hardened, and induction hardened gearing. Requirements are coded by process and class number, the latter based on the density of the PM gear teeth. Characteristics covered include material composition, density, sinter processing (conventional, high temperature and sinter hardening), secondary heat treatments and post heat treatment processing, and their associated inspections.
This document provides the critical metallurgical characteristics of powder metallurgy, PM, gears that will ensure the metallurgical quality of the teeth. The format of the document has been modeled on AGMA 923-B05, Metallurgical Specifications for Steel Gearing, and may be considered a companion document for gear designers seeking the same type of metallurgical features in PM steel gears as found in wrought gears. By using AGMA 923-B05 as a guide the gear designer can easily evaluate a PM material-process system based on the familiar features of wrought steel gears. This information sheet is dedicated to Howard Sanderow. His participation and inspiration led to the development of this information sheet. His thoroughness and enthusiasm for the powder metallurgy industry, along with his contributions, as well as the contributions of his fellow committee members brought out the best from the committee as a whole. The first draft of AGMA 942-A12 was made in May, 2007. It was approved by the AGMA membership in August 16, 2012.
This information sheet recommends powder metallurgy, PM, steel materials and metallurgical quality characteristics for use in specifying PM gearing. It identifies specifications and requirements for various PM steelmaterials for as--sintered, through hardened or sinter hardened, carburized case hardened, and induction hardened gearing. Characteristics covered include material composition, density, sinter processing (conventional, high temperature and sinter hardening), secondary heat treatments and post heat treatment processing, and their associated inspections. Topics related to gear design and rating such as case depth, stress (bending fatigue and contact fatigue capacity) and quality control systems are not included.
This information sheet establishes a tolerance classification system relevant to manufacturing and conformity assessment of tooth flanks of a single piece rack. It specifies definitions for rack flank tolerance terms, the structure of the flank tolerance class system, and allowable values. This document provides the manufacturer and purchaser with a mutually advantageous reference for uniform rack tolerances. Twelve flank tolerance classes are defined, numbered V3 to V14, in order of increasing tolerance. For composite measurements, twenty tolerance classes are provided, numbered R31 through R50 in order of increasing tolerance. Equations for tolerances are provided in 6.5. These tolerances are applicable to the following ranges: 3 mm LR 3500 mm 0.5 mm mn 70 mm 4 mm b 300 mm 45° where LR is the rack length; mn is the normal module; b is the face width; is the helix angle. The measurement methods and tolerances are applied to a rack in the fixtured state that replicates the rack application.
This information sheet describes many of the ways in which powder metal, PM, gear teeth can fail and recommends methods for reducing PM gear failures. It provides basic guidance for those attempting to analyze PM gear failures. The information sheet should be used in conjunction with ANSI/AGMA 1010 in which the gear tooth failure modes are defined. Similar definitions can also be found in ISO 10825 [1]. Although these standards are primarily focused on steel parts, they help investigators understand failures and investigate remedies. This information sheet does not define “gear failure”. One observer's “failure” is another observer's “run-in.” There is no single definition of gear failure, since whether or not a gear has failed depends on the specific application. The information presented in this document applies to spur and helical PM gears. However, with some exceptions the information also applies to other types of PM gears.
This information sheet covers parallel straight sided and involute splines. It provides information relating to geometry, fit types, materials, manufacturing, rating, inspection, lubrication, and failure of splined elements.
Abstract This information sheet covers inch based parallel straight sided and involute splines. It provides information relating to geometry, fit types, materials, manufacturing, rating, inspection, lubrication, and failure of splined elements. For metric based splines see AGMA 945-1-B20. Scope The scope of this information sheet includes involute splines (some of which are governed by ANSI B92.1), plus variants such as modifications to helix, lead crown, form diameters, root geometry, tooth thickness, and fits and straight sided splines with parallel teeth in the external spline (some of which are governed by SAE J499 or SAE J501). It also includes longitudinal effects such as the washout of the minor diameter in splines that are formed or cut into a shaft and hoop strength effects of hollow splined sections. A limited range of materials is included: hard steel, soft steel, powdered metal steel (PM), and cast iron. Manufacturing processes discussed include: rolling, hobbing, shaping, milling, broaching, grinding, net formed PM, and cold forming. Rating for compressive, shear, bending, and hoop stresses are covered, as are tolerances, lubrication, and failure modes. Both elemental and attribute inspection of splines are included. It also describes drawing requirements, and a troubleshooting guide.
This information sheet covers parallel straight sided and involute splines. It provides information relating to geometry, fit types, materials, manufacturing, rating, inspection, lubrication, and failure of splined elements. (Information Sheet)
ABSTRACT This information sheet utilizes an analytical heat balance model to provide a means of calculating the thermal transmittable power of a single- or multiple-stage gear drive lubricated with mineral oil. The calculation is based on standard conditions of 25°C maximum ambient temperature and 95°C maximum oil sump temperature in a large indoor space but provides modifiers for other conditions. FOREWORD This thermal rating method was the American proposal to ISO/TR 14179. It utilizes an analytical heat balance model to calculate the thermal transmittable power for a single or multiple stage gear drive lubricated with mineral oil. Many of the factors in the analytical model can trace their roots to published works of various authors. The procedure is based on the calculation method presented in AGMA Technical Paper 96FTM9 by A.E. Phillips [1]. The bearing losses are calculated from catalogue information supplied by bearing manufacturers, which in turn can be traced to the work of Palmgren. The gear windage and churning loss formulations originally appeared in work presented by Dudley and have been modified to account for the effects of changes in lubricant viscosity and amount of gear submergence. The gear load losses are derived from the early investigators of rolling and sliding friction who approximated gear tooth action by means of disk testers. The coefficients in the load loss equation were then developed from a multiple parameter regression analysis of experimental data from a large population of tests in typical industrial gear drives. These gear drives were subjected to testing which varied operating conditions over a wide range. Operating condition parameters in the test matrix included speed, power, direction of rotation and amount of lubricant. The formulation has been verified by cross checking predicted results to experimental data for various gear drive configurations from several manufacturers. AGMA 947-A23 was renamed from AGMA ISO 14179-1 because it is not identical to ISO/TR 14179 1:2001, Gears – Thermal capacity – Part 1: Rating gear drives with thermal equilibrium at 95°C sump temperature. During the revision, several additions were made to the document: Power variables and subsequent equations were converted to Watts. Mesh coefficient of friction calculations are based on ISO 14179-2 and were expanded based on gearing type and to include Hohn’s modification. ISO 10300-1 methods were included for calculating mesh coefficient of friction for bevel gears. The oil seal power loss formula was updated based on updated manufacturer information. The gear windage and churning losses clauses were expanded to include the alternate method presented in ISO 14179-2:2001, Gears – Thermal capacity – Part 2: Thermal load-carrying capacity. Bearing windage and churning loss calculations were updated based on updated manufacturer information. The heat dissipation clauses were greatly expanded to include calculations for the heat transfer coefficient under various operating and configuration conditions. The first draft of AGMA ISO 14179-1 was made in December 2002. It was approved by the AGMA membership in March 2004. The first draft of AGMA 947-A23 was created in April 2019. It was approved by the Technical Division Executive Committee in June 2023. SCOPE This information sheet utilizes an analytical heat balance model to provide a means of calculating the thermal transmittable power of a single- or multiple-stage gear drive lubricated with oil. The calculation is based on standard conditions of 25°C maximum ambient temperature and 95°C maximum oil sump temperature in a large indoor space but provides modifiers for other conditions. Mesh power loss for planetary gear units is not covered in this information sheet.
This information sheet provides lubrication guidelines for enclosed and open gearing installed in general industrial power transmission applications. It is not intended to supplant specific instructions from the gear manufacturer.
provides a code of practice dealing with the tangential measurements of cylindrical involute gear tooth flanks (pitch deviations, profile deviations, helix deviations and tangential composite deviations)
provides a code of practice dealing with inspection relevant to radial composite deviations, runout, tooth thickness and backlash of cylindrical involute gear (measurements referred to double flank contact)
This information sheet utilizes an analytical heat balance model to provide a means of calculating the thermal transmittable power for a single- or multi-stage gear drive lubricated with mineral oil. The calculation is based on standard conditions of 25C maximum ambient temperature and 95C maximum oil sump temperature in a large indoor space, but provides modifiers for other conditions. This document is not identical to ISO/TR 14179-1 as a) errors were identified and corrected, b) text was added to clarify the calculation methods, and c) an illustrative example was added to assist the reader.
This information sheet utilizes an analytical heat balance model to provide a means of calculating the thermal transmittable power for a single- or multi-stage gear drive lubricated with mineral oil. The calculation is based on standard conditions of 25C maximum ambient temperature and 95C maximum oil sump temperature in a large indoor space, but provides modifiers for other conditions. This document is not identical to ISO/TR 14179-1 as a) errors were identified and corrected, b) text was added to clarify the calculation methods, and c) an illustrative example was added to assist the reader.
This recommended practice is intended to apply to wind turbine gearboxes with power capacities in the range of 40 kW to 750 kW.
Includes spur and helical gearing of 20 through 120 diametral pitch with tooth proportions of 20 degree pressure angle and having 7 or more teeth. Tooth proportions shown may also be suitable for gear designs of finer than 120 diametral pitch.
Tooth proportions for fine-pitch gearing are similar to those of coarse pitch gearing except in the matter of clearance. This standard is applicable to external spur and helical gears with diametral pitch of 20 through 120 and a profile angle of 20 degrees. It provides a system of enlarged pinions which use the involute form above 5 degrees of roll. Data on 14-1/2 and 25 degree profile angle systems, and a discussion of enlargement and tooth thicknesses are provided in annexes. In addition, it addresses, in a new annex, an analysis of comparative systems of selecting tooth thicknesses of pinions. Revision of ANSI/AGMA 1003-G93. ISBN: 978-1-55589-902-8 Pages: 25
Tooth proportions for fine-pitch gearing are similar to those of coarse pitch gearing except in the matter of clearance. This standard is applicable to external spur and helical gears with diametral pitch of 20 through 120 and a profile angle of 20 degrees. It provides a system of enlarged pinions which use the involute form above 5 degrees of roll. Data on 14-1/2 and 25 degree profile angle systems, and a discussion of enlargement and tooth thicknesses are provided in annexes. In addition, it addresses, in a new annex, an analysis of comparative systems of selecting tooth thicknesses of pinions.
Offers an optional alternative to other AGMA basic racks, which will often be preferred for those applications in which tooth bending strengths is a major factor in the design of plastic gears.