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AWWA M46-2026
Nanofiltration and Reverse Osmosis, Third Edition
Nanofiltration (NF) and reverse osmosis (RO) are membrane technologies that can treat various water sources for a wide range of concerns to produce drinking water or high-quality industrial water supplies. These membrane technologies can remove organic and inorganic substances from water and can be adjuncts to such traditional treatment methods as sand filtration, primary disinfection, lime and soda softening, ion exchange, and evaporative processes to improve the reliability and quality of a finished water. NF and RO are both pressure-driven membrane processes with similar process configurations and equipment. The main differences between the processes are primary treatment focused in terms of removal performance (hardness and/or organics removal for NF and demineralization or salt reduction for RO) and the degree of necessary applied pressure (higher for RO). However, the two membrane processes exhibit far more similarities than differences, thus their inclusion in the same manual.
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AWWA: American Water Works Association [awwa]