SAE ARP 5707-2010 (SAE ARP5707-2010)

Pilot Training Recommendations for Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) Civil Operations

This document provides an approach to the development of training topics for pilots of Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) for use by operators, manufacturers, and regulators. The identification of training topics is based initially on Practical Test Standard (PTS) topics for manned aircraft pilots. The topics identified could be used for the construction of a PTS for UAS commercial pilot operations and a PTS for a UAS pilot instrument rating. The UAS commercial pilot rating would contain restrictions on the types of operations that could be flown that would be dependent on the type of UAS used. The UAS type would also influence the specific training topics that would be covered. This document is not intended to outline the requirements for other crewmembers, such as observers, payload operators, or ground personnel, nor does it distinguish between different levels of pilot authority or discuss the roles for pilot-in-command, supplemental pilot, or observer. The recommendations outlined in this document assume that UAS pilot certification will not require a manned certification as a prerequisite. No recommendations are given for recurrent training, specific medical requirements, or whether or not UAS instructors must hold a Certified Flight Instructor (CFI) certificate. Training and certification of UAS pilots for commercial operations in the National Airspace System (NAS) is a new field. Consequently, the scope of this document is limited to proposing an initial framework to train and certify UAS pilots for fixed wing UAS. As the community grows, certification and training requirements will become more detailed and refined. Additionally, there are other classes of UAS that will need to be addressed in detail in the future. These include rotary wing, ducted fan vertical flight, and lighter-than-air.

SAE ARP 94910-2012 (SAE ARP94910-2012)

Aerospace - Vehicle Management Systems - Flight Control Design, Installation and Test of, Military Unmanned Aircraft, Specification Guide for

This document establishes recommended practices for the specification of general performance, design, test, development, and quality assurance requirements for the flight control related functions of the Vehicle Management Systems (VMS) of military Unmanned Aircraft (UA), the airborne element of Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS), as defined by ASTM F 2395-07. The document is written for military unmanned aircraft intended for use primarily in military operational areas. The document also provides a foundation for considerations applicable to safe flight in all classes of airspace.

SAE ARP 6336-2019

Lighting Applications for Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS)

This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) provides technical recommendations for the lighting applications for Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS). The technical content of this ARP discusses the unique trade-offs that are necessary to maintain commonality to the U.S. Federal Aviation Regulations (FARs) for aerospace lighting. The recommendations set forth in this document are to aid in the design of Unmanned Aircraft (UA) lighting for the size of aircraft and operation for which the aircraft is intended. In addition, certain concepts of operation for which UASs are suited will require unique lighting solutions.

CTA 2063-2017 (ANSI)

Small Unmanned Aerial Systems Serial Numbers

This standard outlines the elements and characteristics of a serial number to be used by small unmanned aerial systems.

ASTM E2521-16 Red

Standard Terminology for Evaluating Response Robot Capabilities (Standard + Redline PDF Bundle)

ASTM F2849-10(2019)

Standard Practice for Handling of Unmanned Aircraft Systems at Divert Airfields

ASTM F2851-10(2018)

Standard Practice for UAS Registration and Marking (Excluding Small Unmanned Aircraft Systems)

ASTM F2908-23

Standard Specification for Unmanned Aircraft Flight Manual (UFM) for an Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS)

1.1 This specification provides the minimum requirements for an Unmanned Aircraft Flight Manual (UFM) for an unmanned aircraft system (UAS) designed, manufactured, and operated in the light UAS category as defined by a Civil Aviation Authority (CAA). Depending on the size and complexity of the UAS, an UFM may also contain the instruction for maintenance and continuing airworthiness for owner / operator authorized maintenance. This document has been purposefully designed within the broader context of the Committee F38 library. Although the original source materials for the content presented here were intended to function as standalone documents, the committee has consciously removed any redundant information in favor of adopting a referential "single-source-of-truth" approach. Consequently, when applying this standard, it is essential to consider and integrate all relevant Committee F38 standards to ensure its comprehensive and accurate implementation. 1.2 When intending to utilize the information provided in this document as a Means of Compliance for operational or design approval, or both, it is crucial to consult with the respective oversight authority (for example, CAA) regarding its acceptable use and application. To find out which oversight authorities have accepted this standard (in whole or in part) as an acceptable Means of Compliance to their regulatory requirements (hereinafter "the Rules"), please refer to the Committee F38 webpage (www.ASTM.org/COMMITTEE/F38.htm). 1.3 This specification defines the UFM information that shall be provided by the manufacturer of a UAS as part of the initial sale or transfer to an end user. 1.4 This specification applies to a UAS seeking a CAA approval, in the form of airworthiness certificates, type certificates, flight permits, or other like documentation as a UAS, in the configuration specified in the UFM delivered with the system. 1.5 Any modifications that invalidate or otherwise affect the accuracy of UFM operating instructions shall be approved by the manufacturer and communicated to the regulatory authority in the certificate / permit application. 1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ASTM F2909-19

Standard Specification for Continued Airworthiness of Lightweight Unmanned Aircraft Systems

1.1 This specification establishes the standard practice for the maintenance and continued airworthiness of a lightweight unmanned aircraft system (UAS). 1.2 At a minimum, a UAS is defined as a system composed of the unmanned aircraft and all required subsystems, control station, all required crew members, command and control (C2) links, and any required launch and recovery equipment. 1.3 The intended use for this specification is for civil aviation authority (CAA), self-, or third-party determinations of continued airworthiness for UAS. This specification provides the core requirements for continued airworthiness of lightweight UAS or for certain CAA operational approvals using risk-based categories, or both. Additional requirements are envisioned to address the requirements for expanded operations and characteristics not addressed by this specification. 1.4 This specification is intended to support aircraft developed in accordance with Specifications F2910 , F3002 , F3005 , and F3298 . 1.5 This specification is intended to support UAS operations. It is assumed that the risk of UAS will vary based on concept of operations, environment, and other variables. The fact that there are no human beings onboard the UAS may reduce or eliminate some hazards and risks. 1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ASTM F2910-22

Standard Specification for Design and Construction of a Small Unmanned Aircraft System (sUAS)

1.1 This specification defines the design, construction, and test requirements for a small unmanned aircraft system (sUAS). 1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ASTM F2911-14e1

Standard Practice for Production Acceptance of Small Unmanned Aircraft System (sUAS)

ASTM F3002-22

Standard Specification for Design of the Command and Control System for Small Unmanned Aircraft Systems (sUAS)

1.1 This specification is provided as a consensus standard in support of an application to a nation's governing aviation authority (GAA) for a permit to operate a small unmanned aircraft system (sUAS) for commercial or public use purposes. 1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ASTM F3003-14

Standard Specification for Quality Assurance of a Small Unmanned Aircraft System (sUAS)

ASTM F3005-14a Red

Standard Specification for Batteries for Use in Small Unmanned Aircraft Systems (sUAS) (Standard + Redline PDF Bundle)

ASTM F3178-24

Standard Practice for Operational Risk Assessment of Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS)

1.1 This practice focuses on preparing operational risk assessments (ORAs) to be used for supporting unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) design, airworthiness, and subsequent applications to the CAA for approval of low altitude operations (for example, below 400 ft AGL). 1.2 In mitigating and preventing incidents and accidents, it is understood that people generally do not seek to cause damage or injure others, and therefore, malicious acts are beyond the scope of this practice. 1.3 As part of the ORA, the applicant should clearly understand and be able to articulate their intended mission for purposes of assessing safety and providing information to the CAA. This documentation of a UAS operation (mission, or set of missions) is what many refer to as a concept of operations (CONOPS). 2 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ASTM F3196-18 Red

Standard Practice for Seeking Approval for Beyond Visual Line of Sight (BVLOS) Small Unmanned Aircraft System (sUAS) Operations (Standard + Redline PDF Bundle)

ASTM F3201-24

Standard Practice for Ensuring Dependability of Software Used in Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS)

1.1 This standard practice intends to ensure the dependability of software that is part of an unmanned aircraft (UA) and its associated elements, which together comprise an unmanned aircraft system (UAS). Dependability includes both the safety and security aspects of the software. 1.1.1 This standard practice may be used by any entity that is responsible for the design of a UA or an associated element. However, the practice is intended to apply only within the bounds of requirements and interfaces for which the manufacturer is responsible. 1.1.2 Some software that is used within an integrated system may be externally developed software (EDS) from the standpoint of the UAS manufacturer, but internally developed software (IDS) from the standpoint of the manufacturer of the associated element. The assurance of such software is the responsibility of the manufacturer of the associated element. The assurance of the integration of the UA and an associated element is outside of the scope of this standard practice. 1.2 This practice will focus on the following areas: ( a ) Organizational controls (for example, management, training) in place during software development. ( b ) Use of the software in the system, including its architecture and contribution to overall system safety and security. ( c ) Metrics and design analysis related to assessing the code. ( d ) Techniques and tools related to code review. ( e ) Quality assurance. ( f ) Testing of the software. 1.3 There is interest from industry and some parts of the CAAs to pursue an alternate means of compliance for software assurance for UAS. 1.4 This practice is intended to support VLOS and BVLOS UAS operations, typically below 400 ft above ground level (for example, EASA Specific Category up to SAIL III, or FAA Part 108 (RIN 2120-AL82)) with a maximum gross takeoff weight no greater than 1320 lb. It is assumed that the risk associated with UAS software will vary based on the concept of operations, environment, and other variables. The fact that there are no souls onboard the UAS may reduce or eliminate some hazards and risks. However, at the discretion of the CAA, this practice may be applied to other UAS operations. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ASTM F3262-17

Standard Classification System for Small Unmanned Aircraft Systems (sUASs) for Land Search and Rescue

ASTM F3266-23

Standard Guide for Training for Remote Pilot in Command of Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) Endorsement

1.1 This guide is intended for two distinct readers: educators who wish to develop curricula and training courses and individual pilots wishing to raise their knowledge level for particular flight operations. The guide describes the knowledge, skills, and abilities required to safely operate unmanned aircraft for commercial purposes. A Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) may, at their discretion, use this guide to aid the development of existing or future regulations. This guide addresses powered fixed-wing, vertical-take-off and lift and rotorcraft UAS and not other potential unmanned aircraft categories (for example, glider, lighter-than-air, etc.). This guide has been purposefully designed within the broader context of the ASTM F38 library. Although the original source materials for the content presented here were intended to function as standalone documents, the committee has consciously removed any redundant information in favor of adopting a referential “single-source-of-truth” approach. Consequently, when applying this standard, it is essential to consider and integrate all relevant ASTM F38 standards to ensure its comprehensive and accurate implementation. 1.2 When intending to utilize the information provided in this guide as a means of compliance for operational and/or design approval, it is crucial to consult with the respective oversight authority (for example, CAA) regarding its acceptable use and application. To find out which oversight authorities have accepted this standard (in whole or in part) as an acceptable means of compliance to their regulatory requirements (hereinafter “the Rules”), please refer to the ASTM F38 webpage (www.ASTM.org/COMMITTEE/F38.htm). 1.3 An unmanned aircraft system (UAS) is composed of the unmanned aircraft and all required on-board subsystems, payloads, control station, other required off-board subsystems, any required launch and recovery equipment, all required crew members, and command and control (C2) links between UA and the control station. 1.4 This guide provides fundamental general knowledge, task performance and knowledge, and activities and functions for remote pilots of lightweight UAS (but not necessarily limited to UAs under 55 lb Gross Take Off Weight) or for certain CAA operational approvals using risk-based categories. Flight operations outside the scope of this guide require additional knowledge, experience, and training. 1.5 This guide can be used to evaluate a training course outline and syllabus to determine when its content includes the topics necessary for training individuals to be proficient and competent remote pilot personnel. Likewise, this guide may be used to evaluate an existing training program to see when it meets the requirements in this guide. 1.6 A person meeting the requirements of this guide does not necessarily possess adequate knowledge, experience, and training to make specific mission-critical decisions safely. This guide merely describes recommended topics and does not provide specific mission training. 1.7 It is not the intent of this guide to require that a training course track the sequence or exact scope of the topics presented. However, the knowledge and skill objectives that are part of the training course should be included in any training course outline and syllabus to be used to train remote pilots. Furthermore, it is not the intent of this guide to limit the addition of knowledge and skill objectives required by local conditions or any governmental body. 1.8 The knowledge, skills, and abilities described in the following sections are not intended to be a rigid training sequence and should be adjusted by the appropriate CAA for specific scope and context. 1.9 This guide does not stand alone and must be used with other CAA/ASTM standards to identify the knowledge, skills, and abilities needed for remote pilots to operate safely and effectively. 1.10 Where proficiency in a skill or ability need be demonstrated, unless stated otherwise they shall be demonstrated for initial qualification, and as frequently as required by CAA. 1.11 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard. 1.12 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.13 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ASTM F3269-17

Standard Practice for Methods to Safely Bound Flight Behavior of Unmanned Aircraft Systems Containing Complex Functions

ASTM F3298-24

Standard Specification for Design and Construction of Lightweight Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS)

1.1 This specification covers the airworthiness requirements for the design of light unmanned aircraft systems. This specification defines the baseline design and construction requirements for an unmanned aircraft system (UAS). 1.2 As a minimum, a UAS is defined as a system composed of the unmanned aircraft and all required on-board subsystems, payload, control station, other required off-board subsystems, any required launch and recovery equipment, all required crew members, and command and control (C2) links between UA and the control station. 1.3 The intent is for this standard of practice for CAA, self- or third-party determinations of airworthiness for UAS. This specification provides the core requirements for airworthiness certification of lightweight (UAS) (not necessarily limited to UAs under 55 lb GTOW) or for certain CAA operational approvals using risk-based categories. Additional requirements are envisioned to address the requirements for expanded operations and characteristics not addressed by this specification. 1.4 This specification is intended to support UAS operations. It is assumed that the risk of UAS will vary based on concept of operations, environment, and other variables. The fact that there are no human beings onboard the UAS may reduce or eliminate some hazards and risks. However, at the discretion of the CAA, this specification may be applied to other UAS operations. This specification was originally designed to be a standalone standard, but, as revised in this version, it should be viewed in the context of the broader ASTM series of standards. The committee has streamlined the content, removing duplications to foster a cohesive and referential approach. This method underlines the importance of consulting and incorporating all relevant ASTM standards to ensure a comprehensive and accurate application of this specification, while recognizing that it represents one of several viable pathways to compliance. 1.5 When intending to utilize the information provided in this specification as a means of compliance for operational or design approval, or both, it is crucial to consult with the respective oversight authority (for example, CAA) regarding its application. To find out which oversight authorities have accepted this specification (in whole or in part) as an acceptable means of compliance to their regulatory requirements (hereinafter "the Rules"), please refer to the ASTM F38 webpage (www.ASTM.org/COMMITTEE/F38.htm). 1.6 The values in Imperial units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in SI are for information only. 1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ASTM F3322-24a

Standard Specification for Small Unmanned Aircraft System (sUAS) Parachutes

1.1 This specification covers the design and manufacture requirements for deployable parachutes of small Unmanned Aircraft (sUA)/small Unmanned Aircraft Systems (sUAS). This specification defines the design, fabrication, and test requirements of installable, deployable Parachute Recovery Systems (PRS) that are designed to be integrated into an sUA to lessen the impact energy of the system should the sUA fail to sustain normal, stable safe flight. 1.1.1 Compliance with this specification is intended to support an Applicant in obtaining permission from a Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) to fly an sUA over people. 1.1.2 PRS that do not include all the minimum requirements of Section 5 and Section 6 of this specification shall not be referred to as meeting this specification. If a PRS has been tested successfully to Specification F3322-18 or Specification F3322-22 with a Third Party Testing Agency (TPTA), or both, the Integrator may use the previous results to support completion of the testing matrix and declare that Specification F3322-24 was accomplished through a continuation from the previous continuation from the previous aforementioned testing in the certification data package. The Integrator shall make the Specification F3322-24 TPTA report publicly available. The publicly available TPTA report shall be the same as/identical to the one provided to any regulator and not contain modifications or redactions. 1.2 This specification is applicable to the design, construction, and test of deployable PRS that may be incorporated into the system or structure, or both, of sUA seeking CAA approval in the form of Technical Standard Orders (TSO), flight certificates, flight waivers, flight permits, or other like documentation. This document has been purposefully designed within the broader context of the ASTM F38 library. Although the original source materials for the content presented here were intended to function as standalone documents, the F38 Committee has consciously removed any redundant information in favor of adopting a referential "single-source-of-truth" approach. Consequently, when applying this specification, it is essential to consider and integrate all relevant ASTM F38 standards to ensure its comprehensive and accurate implementation. 1.3 When intending to utilize the information provided in this document as a Means of Compliance for operational approval, design approval, or both, it is crucial to consult with the respective oversight authority (for example, CAA) regarding its acceptable use and application. To find out which oversight authorities have accepted this standard (in whole or in part) as an acceptable Means of Compliance to their regulatory requirements (hereinafter "the Rules"), please refer to the ASTM F38 webpage (www.ASTM.org/COMMITTEE/F38.htm). 1.4 Units— The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ASTM F3330-23

Standard Specification for Training and the Development of Training Manuals for the UAS Operator

1.1 This specification defines the requirements for training and the development of training manuals for the unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) operator. 1.2 The specification addresses the requirements or best practices, or both, for documentation and organization of a professional operator (that is, for compensation and hire) for the purposes of internal training programs and for programs offered to the general public. 1.3 This specification supports professional entities that will receive operator certification by a CAA, and provide standards of practice for self- or third-party audit of operators of UAS. 1.4 The standard case study used to develop this specification focused on operators of light UAS (below 1320 lb/600 kg as defined by EASA), but the specification may be applied to larger aircraft for using other methods of classification (that is, risk based classes and pilot privileges classes). 1.5 Training manuals that do not include all the minimum requirements of this specification may not be referred to as meeting this specification. 1.6 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard. 1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.