Exterior Environment
Building and Design standards cover everything from the foundation, to the structural skeleton, all the way through to indoor environment considerations and service-life calculations. With an eye toward efficiency in energy expenditure for climate control, building and design standards help reduce expenses while raising quality.
SEI/ASCE 32-01
Design and Construction of Frost-Protected Shallow Foundations
This standard addresses the design and construction of frost-protected shallow foundations in areas subject to seasonal ground freezing. Foundation insulation requirements to protect heated and unheated buildings from frost heave are presented in easy-to-follow steps with reference to design tables, climate maps, and other necessary data to furnish a complete frost-protection design. The advantages of this technology include improved construction efficiency over conventional practices, increased energy efficiency, minimized site disturbance, and enhanced frost protection. A commentary is included to provide background information and important technical insights.
ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 152-2014
Method of Test for Determining the Design and Seasonal Efficiencies of Residential Thermal Distribution Systems
This standard applies to single-family detached and attached residences with independent thermal systems.
ANSI/ASHRAE 169-2021
Climatic Data for Building Design Standards
Provides recognized climatic data for use in building design and related equipment standards. Covers climatic data used in ASHRAE standards, including dry-bulb, dewpoint, and wet-bulb temperatures, enthalpy, humidity ratio, wind conditions, solar irradiation, latitude, longitude, and elevation for locations worldwide. Includes statistical data, such as mean temperatures, average temperatures, mean/median annual extremes, daily ranges, heating and cooling degree-days and degree hours, hours and seasonal percentages within ranges of temperatures, as well as bins. Dual units of measurement.
ASTM C981-20
Standard Guide for Design of Built-Up Bituminous Membrane Waterproofing Systems for Building Decks
1.1 This guide describes the design of fully adhered built-up bituminous membrane waterproofing systems for plaza deck and promenade construction over occupied spaces of buildings where covered by a separate wearing course. 1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only. 1.3 The committee with jurisdiction over this standard is not aware of any comparable standards published by other organizations. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
ASTM E2266-21
Standard Guide for Design and Construction of Low-Rise Frame Building Wall Systems to Resist Water Intrusion
1.1 This guide describes design, specification, selection, installation, and inspection of new building wall systems, exterior deck and stair components, doors, windows, penetrations and sealant joints of wood and metal frame buildings, typically four stories or less, to minimize water intrusion. 1.2 This guide does not address prevention of damage caused by water originating from the use of wet building materials or from indoor or outdoor humidity. Water from these sources can be important, and the potential for damage caused by water from these sources must not be overlooked in building design or construction. 1.3 This guide does not address roofing systems, except when the surface of a deck also serves as a roof and at locations where roof systems interface with building walls. 1.4 This guide does not address any type of barrier wall system. 1.5 This guide does not address any exterior insulation and finish system (EIFS). 1.6 This guide does not address foundation conditions where the bottom of a slab on grade or the grade of a crawl space is at or below the water table or subject to hydrostatic pressure. 1.7 This guide is intended to supplement and not duplicate building code requirements. 1.8 Maintenance, although important, is not covered in detail. 1.9 Application of finishes, such as paint and sealers, may be important in the performance of some types of cladding; however, this is not covered in detail. 1.10 This guide applies only to constructions with sheathing, which facilitates installation of the water-resistive barrier and associated flashings in a common plane. 1.11 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard. 1.12 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory requirements prior to use. 1.13 Organization of Document: 1.14 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
ASTM E2728-19
Standard Guide for Water Stewardship in the Design, Construction, and Operation of Buildings
1.1 This guide is intended to inform sustainable development in the building industry. It outlines ideal sustainability and applied sustainability for water management, consistent with Guide E2432 . Both ideal sustainability and applied sustainability should inform decisions regarding water management. 1.1.1 Ideal sustainability is patterned on the hydrological cycle. This provides the concept goals and direction for continual improvement. 1.1.2 Applied sustainability outlines current best practices. This identifies available options considering environmental, economic, and social opportunities and challenges. The most appropriate option(s) are likely to vary depending on the location of the project. 1.2 Water management challenges differ enormously depending on the type of built environment and the available water resources. 1.2.1 The general demands of the built environment vary from very low density rural development to crowded urban development. Large cities present a particular challenge, with 400 cities worldwide housing over 1 million inhabitants. 1.2.2 Successfully meeting the challenges of uneven distribution of water around the world, depletion of groundwater, changing rainfall patterns, and other water industry trends requires sustainable solutions for the effective management of the entire water cycle. 1.2.3 Sustainable design, construction, and operation of water and wastewater services for the built environment are critical components of water stewardship and global sustainable water management. 1.3 Water stewardship encompasses both pollution prevention (quality issues) and conservation (quantity issues). 1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
ISO 13793:2001
Thermal performamce of buildings - Thermal design of foundations to avoid frost heave
This standard gives simplified procedures for the thermal design of building foundations so as to avoid the occurrence of frost heave. It applies to foundations on frost-susceptible ground, and includes buildings with both slab-on-ground floors and suspended floors. It covers heated and unheated buildings, but other situations requiring frost protection (for example roads, water pipes in the ground) are not included. The standard is not applicable to cold stores and ice rinks. The standard applies in climates where the annual average air temperature is above 0 C, but does not apply in permafrost areas where the annual average air temperature is below 0 C.
ISO 6243:1997
Climatic data for building design -- Proposed system of symbols
This International Standard defines a range of climatological data required for building design, gives guidance on methods of measurement and proposes symbols to designate them. It does not deal with suffixes or concepts combining several types of data, or values derived from basic data such as degree-days or characteristic wind speed. The definitions and symbols given in this International Standard aim to harmonize the expression of climatological data which may be drawn on when drafting regulatory and standard documents and when definitions and symbols are required for building design and construction.
ISO 15927-1:2003
Hygrothermal performance of buildings - Calculation and presentation of climatic data - Part 1: Monthly means of single meteorological elements
ISO 15927-1:2003 specifies procedures for calculating and presenting the monthly means of those parameters of climatic data needed to assess some aspects of the thermal and moisture performance of buildings. Numerical values for any locations should be obtained from the meteorological service in the relevant country. ISO 15927-1:2003 covers the following single climate variables: air temperature; atmospheric humidity; wind speed; precipitation; solar radiation; longwave radiation. Meteorological instrumentation and methods of observation are not covered; these are specified by the World Meteorological Organisation (WMO).
ISO 15927-2:2009
Hygrothermal performance of buildings - Calculation and presentation of climatic data - Part 2: Hourly data for design cooling load
ISO 15927-2:2009 gives the definition, and specifies methods of calculation and presentation of the monthly external design climate to be used in determining the design cooling load of buildings and the design of air conditioning systems.
ISO 15927-3:2009
Hygrothermal performance of buildings - Calculation and presentation of climatic data - Part 3: Calculation of a driving rain index for vertical surfaces from hourly wind and rain data
ISO 15927-3:2009 specifies two procedures for providing an estimate of the quantity of water likely to impact on a wall of any given orientation. It takes account of topography, local sheltering and the type of building and wall. The first method, based on coincident hourly rainfall and wind data, defines the method of calculation of the annual average index, which influences the moisture content of an absorbent surface, such as masonry, and the spell index, which influences the likelihood of rain penetration through masonry and joints in other walling systems. The second method, based on average wind data and a qualitative recording of the presence and intensity of rain (the present weather code for rain), defines a method for calculating the spell length during which an absorbent material such as masonry is moistened, having a 10 % probability of being exceeded in any year (commonly referred to as having a mean return period of 10 years). ISO 15927-3:2009 provides a comparison between the two methods. ISO 15927-3:2009 gives procedures to correct the results of both methods for topography, local sheltering and the type of building and wall. The methods included in ISO 15927-3:2009 do not apply in mountainous areas with sheer cliffs or deep gorges, in areas in which more than 25 % of the annual rainfall comes from severe convective storms, and in areas and during periods when a significant proportion of precipitation is made up of snow or hail.
ISO 15927-4:2005
Hygrothermal performance of buildings - Calculation and presentation of climatic data - Part 4: Hourly data for assessing the annual energy use for heating and cooling
ISO 15927-4:2005 specifies a method for constructing a reference year of hourly values of appropriate meteorological data suitable for assessing the average annual energy for heating and cooling. Other reference years representing average conditions can be constructed for special purposes. The procedures in this part of ISO 15927-4:2005 are not suitable for constructing extreme or semi-extreme years for simulation of, for example, moisture damage or energy demand in cold years. Meteorological instrumentation and methods of observation are not covered.
ISO 15927-5:2004
Hygrothermal performance of buildings - Calculation and presentation of climatic data - Part 5: Data for design heat load for space heating
ISO 15927-5:2004 specifies the definition, method of calculation and method of presentation of the climatic data to be used in determining the design heat load for space heating in buildings. These include the winter external design air temperatures and the relevant wind speed and direction, where appropriate. Heat loss through the ground, which also contributes to the heat load for buildings, depends on longer-term temperature changes; methods for calculating ground heat loss are given in ISO 13370.
ISO 15927-6:2007
Hygrothermal performance of buildings - Calculation and presentation of climatic data - Part 6: Accumulated temperature differences (degree-days)
ISO 15927-6:2007 specifies the definition, method of computation and method of presentation of data on accumulated temperature differences, used for assessing the energy used for space heating in buildings. These are normally expressed in degree hours or degree-days, and such data are often referred to simply as heating degree-hours or heating degree-days . ISO 15927-6:2007 includes approximate methods for calculating accumulated temperature differences based on hourly or daily mean temperatures and for estimating monthly values to any base temperature, for use when data computed directly from meteorological air temperature records are not available. In some countries, a threshold temperature different from the base temperature is used. ISO 15927-6:2007 does not cover this.
