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Fuels particle testing standards are published by ASTM and BS. ASTM standards cover standard test methods and guides for sizing and counting particles in distillate fuels by automatic particle counters, determination of contaminants in gas turbine and diesel engine fuel by rotating disk electrode atomic emission spectrometry, corrosion testing of aluminum-based spent nuclear fuel, bulk density of densified particulate biomass fuels, volatile matter in the analysis of particulate wood fuels, and moisture analysis of particulate wood fuels. BS standards cover particle size distribution of disintegrated biofuel pellets, methods of laboratory biofuel sample preparation, screen method of small dimension particles in solid recovered fuels, maximum projected length for large dimension particles, method by image analysis for large dimension particles, and determination, sample preparation, sampling, and determination of moisture content of particle density in solid biofuels.
1.1 This test method uses a specific automatic particle counter 2 (APC) to count and measure the size of dispersed dirt particles, water droplets and other particles, in light and middle distillate fuel, and bio fuels such as biodiesel and biodiesel blends, in the overall range from 4 µm(c) to 100 µm(c) and in the size bands ‰¥ 4 µm(c), ‰¥ 6 µm(c), and ‰¥ 14 µm(c). Note 1: ASTM and military specification fuels falling within the scope of this test method include Specifications: D975 grades 1D and 2D, D1655 , D3699 , D4814 (see 14.1.1.1 ), D6751 , D7467 , distillate grades of D396 and D2880 , MIL-DTL-83133, and MIL-DTL-16884. Note 2: For the purposes of this test method, water droplets are counted as particles, and agglomerated particles are detected and counted as a single larger particle. Dirt includes biological particles. Although the projected area of a particle is measured, this is expressed as the diameter of a sphere for the purposes of this test method. Note 3: The notation (c), used with particle sizes, is used to denote that the apparatus has been calibrated in accordance with ISO 11171. Strictly this only applies to particles up to 50 µm. Note 4: This test method may be used for particle sizes bands up to 100 µm(c), however the precision has only been determined for the size bands ‰¥ 4 µm(c), ‰¥ 6 µm(c), and ‰¥ 14 µm(c). All measurements are per millilitre. 1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
1.1 This test method covers the determination of contaminants and materials as a result of corrosion in gas turbine or diesel engine fuels by rotating disc electrode atomic emission spectroscopy (RDE-AES). 1.1.1 The test method is applicable to ASTM Grades 0-GT, 1-GT, 2-GT, 3-GT, and 4-GT gas turbine fuels and Grades Low Sulfur No. 1-D, Low Sulfur No. 2-D, No. 1-D, No. 2-D, and No. 4-D diesel fuel oils. 1.1.1.1 Trace metal limits of fuel entering turbine combustor(s) are given as 0.5 mg/kg each for vanadium, sodium + potassium, calcium, and lead in Specification D2880 for all GT grades. 1.1.2 This test method provides a rapid at-site determination of contamination and corrosive elements ranging from fractions of mg/kg to hundreds of mg/kg in gas turbine and diesel engine fuels so the fuel quality and level of required treatment can be determined. 1.1.3 This test method uses oil-soluble metals for calibration and does not purport to quantitatively determine or detect insoluble particles. 1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. The preferred units for concentration are mg/kg (ppm by mass). 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
1.1 This guide covers corrosion testing of aluminum-based spent nuclear fuel in support of geologic repository disposal (per the requirements in 10 CFR 60 and 40CFR191). The testing described in this document is designed to provide data for analysis of the chemical stability and radionuclide release behavior of aluminum-based waste forms produced from aluminum-based spent nuclear fuels. The data and analyses from the corrosion testing will support the technical basis for inclusion of aluminum-based spent nuclear fuels in the repository source term. Interim storage and transportation of the spent fuel will precede geologic disposal; therefore, reference is also made to the requirements for interim storage (per 10 CFR 72) and transportation (per 10 CFR 71). The analyses that will be based on the data developed are also necessary to support the safety analyses reports (SARs) and performance assessments (PAs) for disposal systems. 1.2 Spent nuclear fuel that is not reprocessed must be safely managed prior to transportation to, and disposal in, a geologic repository. Placement in an interim storage facility may include direct placement of the irradiated fuel or treatment of the fuel prior to placement, or both. The aluminum-based waste forms may be required to be ready for geologic disposal, or road ready, prior to placement in extended interim storage. Interim storage facilities, in the United States, handle fuel from civilian commercial power reactors, defense nuclear materials production reactors, and research reactors. The research reactors include both foreign and domestic reactors. The aluminum-based fuels in the spent fuel inventory in the United States are primarily from defense reactors and from foreign and domestic research reactors. The aluminum-based spent fuel inventory includes several different fuel forms and levels of 235 U enrichment. Highly enriched fuels ( 235 U enrichment levels 20 %) are part of this inventory. 1.3 Knowledge of the corrosion behavior of aluminum-based spent nuclear fuels is required to ensure safety and to support licensing or other approval activities, or both, necessary for disposal in a geologic repository. The response of the aluminum-based spent nuclear fuel waste form(s) to disposal environments must be established for configuration-safety analyses, criticality analyses, PAs, and other analyses required to assess storage, treatment, transportation, and disposal of spent nuclear fuels. This is particularly important for the highly enriched, aluminum-based spent nuclear fuels. The test protocols described in this guide are designed to establish material response under the repository-relevant conditions. 1.4 The majority of the aluminum-based spent nuclear fuels are aluminum clad, aluminum-uranium alloys. The aluminum-uranium alloy typically consists of uranium aluminide particles dispersed in an aluminum matrix. Other aluminum-based fuels include dispersions of uranium oxide, uranium silicide, or uranium carbide particles in an aluminum matrix. These particles, including the aluminides, are generally cathodic to the aluminum matrix. Selective leaching of the aluminum in the exposure environment may provide a mechanism for redistribution and relocation of the uranium-rich particles. Particle redistribution tendencies will depend on the nature of the aluminum corrosion processes and the size, shape, distribution and relative reactivity of the uranium-rich particles. Interpretation of test data will require an understanding of the material behavior. This understanding will enable evaluation of the design and configuration of the waste package to ensure that unfilled regions in the waste package do not provide sites for the relocation of the uranium-rich particles into nuclear critical configurations. Test samples must be evaluated, prior to testing, to ensure that the size and shape of the uranium-rich particles in the test samples are representative of the particles in the waste form being evaluated. 1.5 The use of the data obtained by the testing described in this guide will be optimized to the extent the samples mimic the condition of the waste form during actual repository exposure. The use of Practice C1174 is recommended for guidance. The selection of test samples, which may be unaged or artificially aged, should ensure that the test samples and conditions bound the waste form/repository conditions. The test procedures should carefully describe any artificial aging treatment used in the test program and explain why that treatment was selected. 1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
1.1 This test method covers the procedure for the determination of bulk density (or bulk specific weight) of densified particulate biomass fuels with a maximum particle volume of 16.39 cm 3 (1 in. 3 ). 1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
1.1 This test method determines the percentage of gaseous products, exclusive of moisture vapor, in the analysis sample of particulate wood fuel that is released under the specific conditions of the test. The particulate wood fuel may be sanderdust, sawdust, pellets, green tree chips, hogged fuel, or other type particulate wood fuel having a maximum particle volume of 16.39 cm 3 (1 in. 3 ). Volatile matter, when determined as herein described, may be used to indicate yields on processes to provide the basis for purchasing and selling or to establish burning characteristics. 1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
1.1 This test method covers the determination of total weight basis moisture in the analysis sample of particulate wood fuel. The particulate wood fuel may be sanderdust, sawdust, pellets, green tree chips, hogged fuel, or other type particulate wood fuel having a maximum particle volume of 16.39 cm 3 (1 in. 3 ). It is used for calculating other analytical results to a dry basis. Moisture, when determined as herein described, may be used to indicate yields on processes, to provide the basis for purchasing and selling, or to establish burning characteristics. 1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
This document specifies the requirements and method used to determine particle size distribution of disintegrated pellets. It is applicable for pellets that fully disintegrate in hot water.
This document specifies methods for sample preparation to ensure representativeness of the samples throughout the preparation procedures to produce general analysis samples. Suitable test portions can be taken from the laboratory or general analysis samples and used for analysis according to the specific requirements defined in the corresponding analytical procedures. This document specifies the correct sample preparation sequence to be applied to: a) the composite sample, in order to produce a laboratory sample (taking into account large pieces of solid recovered fuel); b) each sub-sampling step throughout the testing programme; c) the laboratory sample, in order to obtain suitable test portions; d) ensure the representativeness of the test portions that have been taken according to the sample preparation plan, prior to physical analysis, chemical analysis or both (e.g. extractions, digestion, analytical determinations). The methods specified in this document can be used for sample preparation, for example, when the samples are to be tested for bulk density, biomass content determination, mechanical durability, particle size distribution, moisture content, ash content, ash melting behaviour, calorific value, chemical composition, impurities and self-heating properties. The methods are not intended to be applied to the very large samples required for the testing of bridging properties.
This European Standard specifies the determination of particle size distribution of solid recovered fuels by a machine or manual sieving method. It applies to particulate agglomerated and non-agglomerated fuels, such as fluff, pellets, briquettes, pulverised solid recovered fuels. This sieving method is not applicable to large pieces with irregular shape such as the pieces of shredded tyres or of demolition wood. In the case, of large pieces of irregular shape, prEN 15415-2 and prEN 15415-3 are applicable. NOTE 1 For fine particles NOTE 2 This European Standard is based on EN 15149-1 applicable to particle sizes less than 3,15 mm.
This European Standard specifies the determination of particle size distribution of solid recovered fuels. It establishes a manual method for the determination of the maximum projected length for large dimension particles. It applies to both agglomerated and non agglomerated solid recovered fuel pieces exhibiting an irregular shape, such as shredded end-of-life tyres and demolition woods. his document does not apply to filaments protruding from the SRF pieces.
This European Standard specifies the determination of particle size distribution of solid recovered fuels using an image analysis method. It applies to both agglomerated and non-agglomerated solid, recovered, fuel pieces exhibiting an irregular shape, such as shredded end-of-life tyres and demolition woods. It provides the determination of the maximum projected length as well as parameters such as equivalent diameter. It also gives a characterisation of the filaments protruding from the SRF pieces.
This European Standard describes the method for determining the particle density of compressed fuels such as pellets or briquettes. Particle density is not an absolute value and conditions for its determination have to be standardised to enable comparative determinations to be made.
ISO 14780:2017 defines methods for reducing combined samples (or increments) to laboratory samples and laboratory samples to sub-samples and general analysis samples and is applicable to solid biofuels. The methods defined in this document can be used for sample preparation, for example, when the samples are to be tested for calorific value, moisture content, ash content, bulk density, durability, particle size distribution, ash melting behaviour, chemical composition, and impurities.
ISO 18135:2017 describes methods for preparing sampling plans and certificates, as well as taking samples of solid biofuels, for example, from the place where the raw materials grow, from production plant, from deliveries, e.g. lorry loads, or from stock. It includes both manual and mechanical methods, and is applicable to solid biofuels that are either: - fine (particle sizes up to about 10 mm) and regularly shaped particulate materials that can be sampled using a scoop or pipe, for example, sawdust, olive stones and wood pellets; - coarse or irregularly shaped particulate materials (particle sizes up to about 200 mm) that can be sampled using a fork or shovel, for example, wood chips and nut shells, forest residue chips, and straw; - baled materials, for example, baled straw or grass; - large pieces (particle sizes above 200 mm) that are either picked manually or automatically; - vegetable waste, fibrous waste from virgin pulp production and from production of paper from pulp that has been dewatered; - thermally treated and densified biomass materials; - roundwood. ISO 18135:2017 is not applicable to airborne dust from solid biofuels. It may be possible to use this document for other solid biofuels. The methods described in this document may be used, for example, when the samples are to be tested for moisture content, ash content, calorific value, bulk density, durability, particle size distribution, ash melting behaviour and chemical composition.
This document describes the method of determining the moisture content in the general analysis sample by drying in an oven. The method described in this document is applicable to all solid biofuels. The moisture content of solid biofuels (as received) is always reported based on the total mass of the test sample (wet basis). Since biofuels in small particle size are very hygroscopic, their moisture content will change with humidity in the atmosphere and, therefore, the moisture of the general analysis sample is determined simultaneously with the determination of other properties being measured (e.g. calorific value, volatile matter, metals, etc.). NOTE Biomass materials can contain small amounts of volatile organic compounds (VOC) which can evaporate when determining moisture content by oven drying (see References [ 1 ] and [ 2 ]). The release of such compounds is quite small relative to the overall moisture content as determined by this method and is disregarded in this document.