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Radiographic Methods

Non-Destructive Weld Testing Standards cover multiple possible methods of testing welds or metallic materials. Non-destructive testing analysis techniques are used for QA, evaluations, research, in cases where the product is expensive or unique, failure analysis, and so on. With a focus on radiographic testing, these standards also cover magnetic, radioscopic, ultrasonic, and other methods. General rules, guides, terminology, are provided, as well as standard test methods, specific techniques, and acceptance levels, together covering both the broad strokes and the nuanced testing procedures.

ASTM E592-20

Standard Guide to Obtainable ASTM Equivalent Penetrameter Sensitivity for Film Radiography of Steel Plates 14 to 2 in. (6 to 51 mm) Thick with X-Rays and 1 to 6 in. (25 to 152 mm) Thick with Cobalt-60

1.1 This guide to obtainable equivalent penetrameter sensitivity covers the minimum penetrameter thicknesses for which the image of the 1 T and 2 T holes is visible for a few practical radiographic conditions using industrial X-ray film. The values represent near optimum sensitivity for flat steel plates. Radiographic conditions that give higher values of scatter buildup from the specimen or backscattered radiation at the image plane will give poorer sensitivity. 1.2 Eight radiographs that illustrate sensitivities obtainable with practical radiographic systems are included as adjuncts to this guide and must be purchased from ASTM. 1.3 Units The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM E94/E94M-17

Standard Guide for Radiographic Examination Using Industrial Radiographic Film

1.1 This guide 2 covers satisfactory X-ray and gamma-ray radiographic examination as applied to industrial radiographic film recording. It includes statements about preferred practice without discussing the technical background which justifies the preference. A bibliography of several textbooks and standard documents of other societies is included for additional information on the subject. 1.2 This guide covers types of materials to be examined; radiographic examination techniques and production methods; radiographic film selection, processing, viewing, and storage; maintenance of inspection records; and a list of available reference radiograph documents. 1.3 The use of digital radiography has expanded and follows many of the same general principles of film based radiography but with many important differences. The user is referred to standards for digital radiography [ E2597 , E2698 , E2736 , and E2737 for digital detector array (DDA) radiography and E2007 , E2033 , E2445/E2445M , and E2446 for computed radiography(CR)] if considering the use of digital radiography. 1.4 Interpretation and Acceptance Standards Interpretation and acceptance standards are not covered by this guide, beyond listing the available reference radiograph documents for castings and welds. Designation of accept - reject standards is recognized to be within the cognizance of product specifications and generally a matter of contractual agreement between producer and purchaser. 1.5 Safety Practices Problems of personnel protection against X rays and gamma rays are not covered by this document. For information on this important aspect of radiography, reference should be made to the current document of the National Committee on Radiation Protection and Measurement, Federal Register, U.S. Energy Research and Development Administration, National Bureau of Standards, and to state and local regulations, if such exist. For specific radiation safety information refer to NIST Handbook ANSI 43.3, 21 CFR 1020.40, and 29 CFR 1910.1096 or state regulations for agreement states. 1.6 Units The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system should be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. 1.7 If an NDT agency is used, the agency should be qualified in accordance with Specification E543 . 1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. (See 1.5 .) 1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ISO 5579:2013

Non-destructive testing - Radiographic testing of metallic materials using film and X- or gamma rays - Basic rules

ISO 5579:2013 outlines the general rules for industrial X- and gamma-radiography for flaw-detection purposes, using film techniques, applicable to the inspection of metallic products and materials. It does not lay down acceptance criteria of the imperfections.

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ASTM E1032-19

Standard Practice for Radiographic Examination of Weldments Using Industrial X-Ray Film

1.1 This practice provides a uniform procedure for radiographic examination of weldments using industrial radiographic film. Requirements expressed in this practice are intended to control the quality of the radiographic images and are not intended for controlling acceptability or quality of welds. 1.2 The radiographic extent, the quality level, and the acceptance criteria to be applied shall be specified in the contract, purchase order, product specification, or drawings. 1.3 The radiographic techniques stated herein provide adequate assurance for defect detectability; however, it is recognized that, for special applications, specific techniques using more or less stringent requirements may be required than those specified. In these cases, the use of alternative radiographic techniques shall be as agreed upon between purchaser and supplier (also see Section 4 ). 1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. (For more specific safety precautionary information, see Section 9 .) 1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM E1030/E1030M-21

Standard Practice for Radiographic Examination of Metallic Castings

1.1 This practice 2 provides a uniform procedure for radiographic examination of metallic castings using radiographic film as the recording medium. 1.2 This standard addresses the achievement of, or protocols for achieving, common or practical levels of radiographic coverage for castings, to detect primarily volumetric discontinuities to sensitivity levels measured by nominated image quality indicators. All departures, including alternate means or methods to increase coverage, or address challenges of detecting non-volumetric planar-type discontinuities, shall be agreed upon between the purchaser and supplier and shall consider Appendix X1 and Appendix X2 . 1.3 The radiographic techniques stated herein provide adequate assurance for defect detectability; however, it is recognized that, for special applications, specific techniques using more or less stringent requirements may be required than those specified. In these cases, the use of alternate radiographic techniques shall be as agreed upon between purchaser and supplier (also see Section 5 ). 1.4 Units - The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ISO 17636-1:2013

Non-destructive testing of welds - Radiographic testing - Part 1: X- and gamma-ray techniques with film

ISO 17636-1:2013 specifies techniques of radiographic examination of fusion welded joints in metallic materials using industrial radiographic film techniques. ISO 17636-1:2013 applies to the joints of plates and pipes. Besides its conventional meaning, pipe as used in this International Standard covers other cylindrical bodies such as tubes, penstocks, boiler drums, and pressure vessels. ISO 17636-1:2013 does not specify acceptance levels for any of the indications found on the radiographs. If contracting parties apply lower test criteria, it is possible that the quality achieved is significantly lower than when ISO 17636-1:2013 is strictly applied.

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ISO 17636-2:2013

Non-destructive testing of welds - Radiographic testing - Part 2: X- and gamma-ray techniques with digital detectors

ISO 17636-2:2013 specifies fundamental techniques of digital radiography with the object of enabling satisfactory and repeatable results to be obtained economically. The techniques are based on generally recognized practice and fundamental theory of the subject. ISO 17636-2:2013 applies to the digital radiographic examination of fusion welded joints in metallic materials. It applies to the joints of plates and pipes. Besides its conventional meaning, pipe , as used in this International Standard, covers other cylindrical bodies such as tubes, penstocks, boiler drums, and pressure vessels. ISO 17636-2:2013 specifies the requirements for digital radiographic X- and gamma-ray testing by either computed radiography (CR) or radiography with digital detector arrays (DDA) of the welded joints of metallic plates and tubes for the detection of imperfections. Digital detectors provide a digital grey value (GV) image which can be viewed and evaluated using a computer. ISO 17636-2:2013 specifies the recommended procedure for detector selection and radiographic practice. Selection of computer, software, monitor, printer and viewing conditions are important, but are not the main focus of ISO 17636-2:2013. The procedure specified in ISO 17636-2:2013 provides the minimum requirements for radiographic practice which permit exposure and acquisition of digital radiographs with equivalent sensitivity for detection of imperfections as film radiography, as specified in ISO 17636-1. ISO 17636-2:2013 does not specify acceptance levels for any of the indications found on the digital radiographs. If contracting parties apply lower test criteria, it is possible that the quality achieved is significantly lower than when ISO 17636-2:2013 is strictly applied.

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ISO 10675-1:2021

Non-destructive testing of welds - Acceptance levels for radiographic testing - Part 1: Steel, nickel, titanium and their alloys

This document specifies acceptance levels for indications from imperfections in butt welds of steel, nickel, titanium and their alloys detected by radiographic testing. If agreed, the acceptance levels can be applied to other types of welds (such as fillet welds, etc.) or materials. The acceptance levels can be related to welding standards, application standards, specifications or codes. This document assumes that the radiographic testing has been carried out in accordance with ISO 17636 1 for RT-F (F = film) or ISO 17636 2 for RT-S (S = radioscopy) and RT-D (D = digital detectors).

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ISO 10675-2:2021

Non-destructive testing of welds - Acceptance levels for radiographic testing - Part 2: Aluminium and its alloys

This document specifies acceptance levels for indications from imperfections in aluminium butt welds detected by radiographic testing. If agreed, the acceptance levels can be applied to other types of welds (such as fillet welds etc.) or materials. The acceptance levels can be related to welding standards, application standards, specifications or codes. This document assumes that the radiographic testing has been carried out in accordance with ISO 17636 1 for RT-F (F = film) or ISO 17636 2 for RT-S (S = radioscopy) and RT-D (D = digital detectors).

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BS EN 12679:2018

Non-destructive testing. Radiographic testing. Determination of the size of industrial radiographic gamma sources (British Standard)

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ISO 4993:2015

Steel and iron castings - Radiographic testing

ISO 4993:2015 specifies the general requirements for the radiography of steel and iron castings by means of X-rays or gamma-rays, in accordance with procedures given in ISO 5579 and ISO 19232.

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ASTM E155-20

Standard Reference Radiographs for Inspection of Aluminum and Magnesium Castings

1.1 These reference radiographs illustrate the types and degrees of discontinuities that may be found in aluminum-alloy and magnesium-alloy castings. The castings illustrated are in thicknesses of 1 / 4 in. (6.35 mm) and 3 / 4 in. (19.1 mm). The reference radiograph films are an adjunct to this document and shall be purchased separately from ASTM International if needed. 1.2 These film reference radiographs are not intended to illustrate the types and degrees of discontinuities found in aluminum-alloy and magnesium-alloy castings when performing digital radiography. If performing digital radiography of aluminum-alloy castings, refer to Digital Reference Image Standard E2422 . If performing digital radiography of magnesium-alloy castings, refer to Digital Reference Image Standard E2869 . 1.3 This document may be used where no other applicable document exists, for other material thicknesses for which it has been found to be applicable and for which agreement has been reached between the purchaser and the manufacturer. 1.4 From time to time, there may be minor changes to the process for manufacturing of the reference radiograph adjunct materials. These changes could include changes in the films or processing chemicals used, changes in the dies or printing for the cardboard mats, etc.; however, in all cases, these changes are reviewed by the Illustration Monitoring Subcommittee and all reference radiographs are reviewed against a fixed prototype image to ensure that there are no changes to the acceptance level represented by the reference radiographs. Therefore, the adjunct reference radiographs remain valid for use with this standard regardless of the date of production or the revision level of the text standard. 1.5 Units The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard. Note 1: Vol I: The set of reference radiographs consists of 13 plates covering discontinuities in aluminum-alloy castings and 10 plates covering discontinuities in magnesium-alloy castings. Each plate is held in an 8 1 / 2 by 11 in. (216 by 279 mm) cardboard frame and each plate illustrates eight grades of severity for the discontinuity in approximately a 2 by 2 in. (51 by 51 mm) area. The cardboard frames are contained in a 10 1 / 2 by 11 1 / 2 in. (267 by 292 mm) ring binder. The reference radiographs are not impacted by this revision. There have been no revisions to the adjunct reference radiographs since original issue. The adjunct reference radiographs of any issue remain valid and may be used to this standard. Vol. II: The set of reference radiographs consists of four plates covering discontinuities in magnesium-alloy castings only. Each plate is held in an 8 1 / 2 by 11 in. (216 by 279 mm) cardboard frame and illustrates eight grades of severity for the discontinuity (with the exception of discrete discontinuities, where only one example of each discontinuity is given). Note 2: Reference radiographs applicable to aluminum and magnesium die castings up to 1 in. (25 mm) in thickness are contained in Reference Radiographs E505 . 1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM E1648-20

Standard Reference Radiographs for Examination of Aluminum Fusion Welds

1.1 These reference radiographs illustrate various types and severity levels of discontinuities in aluminum fusion welds that may be revealed by radiographic examination. These reference radiographs do not specify the acceptable level of these discontinuities, rather they provide a visual reference for communicating the acceptable level. Note 1: The reference radiographs consist of a set of eight plates (8 1 / 2 by 11 in. (22 by 28 cm)), covering base material up to and including 0.75 in. (19 mm) in thickness. 1.2 These reference radiographs are based on two nominal weld thicknesses in wrought aluminum products and are applicable to the thickness ranges shown in Table 1 . The welds were produced using base material plates of 6061 and 5083 alloys and 5356 and 4043 gas metal-arc (GMA) electrodes. These reference radiographs are intended for use in evaluating radiographs of welds in wrought aluminum products. They are not recommended for use with repair welds in cast materials; however, they are appropriate for use with assembly or fabrication welds. Reference radiographs for aluminum and magnesium castings are available in Reference Radiographs E155 and E505 . 1.3 The adjunct contains illustrations of representative graded and ungraded discontinuities. Table 2 lists the discontinuity types and severities illustrated for each thickness of base material. Each of the graded discontinuity types has five severity levels, 1 through 5, in order of increasing severity. The ungraded discontinuities are included for informational purposes. 1.4 From time to time, there may be minor changes to the process for manufacturing of the reference radiograph adjunct materials. These changes could include changes in the films or processing chemicals used, changes in the dies or printing for the cardboard mats, etc.; however, in all cases, these changes are reviewed by the Illustration Monitoring Subcommittee and all reference radiographs are reviewed against a fixed prototype image to ensure that there are no changes to the acceptance level represented by the reference radiographs. Therefore, the adjunct reference radiographs remain valid for use with this standard regardless of the date of production or the revision level of the text standard. 1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard. 1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM E2104-15

Standard Practice for Radiographic Examination of Advanced Aero and Turbine Materials and Components

1.1 This practice establishes the minimum requirements for radiographic examination of metallic and nonmetallic materials and components used in designated applications such as gas turbine engines and flight structures. 1.2 The requirements in this practice are intended to control the radiographic process to ensure the quality of radiographic images produced for use in designated applications such as gas turbine engines and flight structures; this practice is not intended to establish acceptance criteria for material or components. When examination is performed in accordance with this practice, engineering drawings, specifications or other applicable documents shall indicate the acceptance criteria. 1.3 All areas of this practice may be open to agreement between the cognizant engineering organization and the supplier, or specific direction from the cognizant engineering organization. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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BS EN 12681-2:2017

Founding. Radiographic testing. Techniques with digital detectors (British Standard)

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