Coating Particle Testing Standards
Particle Testing for Coatings is crucial to the dependability of coatings. Similar to paints, the characteristics of coatings are defined by their composite particles, and standard test methods have been developed to test the coating characteristics with the goal of uniform reliability, as well as for use in development of new coatings.
ASTM B765-03(2018)
Standard Guide for Selection of Porosity and Gross Defect Tests for Electrodeposits and Related Metallic Coatings
1.1 This guide describes some of the available standard methods for the detection, identification, and measurement of porosity and gross defects in electrodeposited and related metallic coatings and provides some laboratory-type evaluations and acceptances. Some applications of the test methods are tabulated in Table 1 and Table 2 . 1.2 This guide does not apply to coatings that are produced by thermal spraying, ion bombardment, sputtering, and other similar techniques where the coatings are applied in the form of discrete particles impacting on the substrate. 1.3 This guide does not apply to beneficial or controlled porosity, such as that present in microdiscontinuous chromium coatings. 1.4 Porosity test results (including those for gross defects) occur as chemical reaction end products. Some occur in situ, others on paper, or in a gel coating. Observations are made that are consistent with the test method, the items being tested, and the requirements of the purchaser. These may be visual inspection (unaided eye) or by 10 magnification (microscope). Other methods may involve enlarged photographs or photomicrographs. 1.5 The test methods are only summarized. The individual standards must be referred to for the instructions on how to perform the tests. 1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only. 1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
ASTM D2338-02(2013)
Standard Test Method for Determining Particle Size of Multicolor Lacquers
1.1 This test method employs photographic reference standards to evaluate the particle size of multicolor lacquers. 1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
ASTM D5861-07(2017)
Standard Guide for Significance of Particle Size Measurements of Coating Powders
1.1 This guide covers the significance of referencing the techniques used whenever specifying the particle size distribution of a coating powder. 1.2 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
ASTM F1428-92(2017)
Standard Specification for Aluminum Particle-Filled Basecoat/Organic or Inorganic Topcoat, Corrosion Protective Coatings for Fasteners
1.1 This specification covers the basic requirements for a corrosion-resistant coating consisting of an inorganic aluminum particle-filled basecoat and an organic or inorganic topcoat, depending on the specific requirements. 1.2 The coating may be specified with basecoat only, or with the top coated with compatible organic polymer or inorganic topcoats, depending on the specific requirements. 1.3 The basecoat is a water-dilutable slurry containing aluminum particles dispersed in a liquid binder of chromate/phosphate compounds. 1.4 The organic topcoats consist of polymer resins and dispersed pigments and are for service where temperatures do not exceed 230 C (450 F). 1.5 The inorganic topcoats consist of ceramic oxide pigments dispersed in a liquid binder of chromate/phosphate compounds and are for service where temperatures do not exceed 645 C (1200 F). 1.6 These coatings are applied by conventional dip/spin, dip/drain, or spray methods. 1.7 The coating process does not normally induce hydrogen embrittlement, provided that the parts to be coated have not been subjected to an acid cleaner or pretreatment (see Note 1 ). Note 1: Although this coating material contains water, it has a relatively low susceptibility to inducing hydrogen embrittlement in steel parts of tensile strengths equal to or greater than 1000 MPa (approximately RC31). Normal precautions for preparing, descaling, and cleaning steels of these tensile strengths must be observed. An initial stress relief treatment should be considered prior to any chemical treatment or cleaning operation. Acids or other treatments that evolve hydrogen should be avoided. Mechanical cleaning methods may be considered. Some steels are more susceptible to hydrogen embrittlement than others and may also require hydrogen embrittlement relief baking after cleaning but before coating. Since no process can completely guarantee freedom from embrittlement, careful consideration must be given to the entire coating process and the specific steel alloy employed. 1.8 The coating systems defined by this specification can be applied to ferrous alloy steels, aluminum, and ferritic and austenitic stainless steels. 1.9 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only. 1.10 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the test methods portion, Section 6 , of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.11 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
SAE AMS 2535B-2015 (SAE AMS2535B-2015)
Coating, Vapor Deposited Poly-Monochloro-Para-Xylylene for Microcircuits (Stabilized: Oct 2015)
This specification covers requirements for poly-monochloro-para-xylylene coatings. Primarily for use as a secondary moisture barrier coating on hybrid microcircuit substrates and on active monolithic devices. Additionally, the coating immobilizes undesirable particles remaining in sealed microcircuits and enhances to some degree the strength of fine wire interconnections.
ISO 8130-1:2019
Coating powders - Part 1: Determination of particle size distribution by sieving
This document specifies a method for the determination of the particle size distribution of coating powders by sieve analysis. Particle size distributions with a maximum of less than 100 µm is determined by laser diffraction, ISO 8130 13. This method is used especially for determining the oversize material or for the presence of contamination and can be used as a quality control procedure ( go / no go test) by checking the amount retained on a single sieve. The following particle sizes are typical for coating powders, however the particle size can deviate depending on the application: thin-film technology: 1 µm to 63 µm; electrostatic coating: 10 µm to 200 µm; fluidizing-bed method: 100 µm and above. NOTE Sieves with a mesh size smaller than 32 µm are not practical and are likely to become blind during use.
ISO 8130-2:2021
Coating powders - Part 2: Determination of density by gas comparison pycnometer (referee method)
This document specifies a method for the determination of density for all types of coating powders using a gas comparison pycnometer.
ISO 8130-3:2021
Coating powders - Part 3: Determination of density by liquid displacement pycnometer
This document specifies a liquid displacement pycnometer method for the determination of the density of coating powders. The method is based on a determination of the mass and the volume of a test portion. Coating powders with density 1 g/cm 3 , can be measured in accordance with ISO 1183-1 and the appropriate method, by agreement.
ISO 8130-4:2021
Coating powders - Part 4: Calculation of lower explosion limit
This document specifies a method for the calculation of the lower explosion limit of a coating powder, i.e. the minimum concentration of the coating powder in air which will form an explosive mixture. It is based on the measurement of the gross calorific value of the product, as determined by the method described in ISO 1928.
ISO 8130-5:2021
Coating powders - Part 5: Determination of flow properties of a powder/air mixture
This document specifies a method for estimating the flow properties of a mixture of coating powder and air. The results obtained are influenced by the composition of the coating powder, its density, particle size distribution and particle shape, together with the tendency of the particles to agglomerate and to accept a charge.
ISO 8130-6:2021
Coating powders - Part 6: Determination of gel time of thermosetting coating powders at a given temperature
This document specifies a method for determining the time for a thermosetting coating powder to gel at a specified temperature. A method is described for checking batch to batch variation and for the quality control of a given coating powder. The method is not applicable to coating powders with ultra-short gel times (less than 15 s).
ISO 8130-7:2019
Coating powders - Part 7: Determination of loss of mass on stoving
This document specifies a method for the determination of loss of mass on stoving of coating powders that are to be applied by electrostatic spraying or flock spraying or fluidized bed. The method described in this document is a simple, practical test which provides sufficiently accurate results for coating powders that lose approximately 2 % (by mass) on stoving (heating). Above 2 %, accuracy decreases with an increasing loss in mass. This method determines the amount of all volatile matter, including water. Thermogravimetric testing as described in the ISO 11358 series can be used as a comparative method.
ISO 8130-8:2021
Coating powders - Part 8: Assessment of the storage stability of thermosetting powders
This document establishes a method for the estimation of the storage stability of thermosetting coating powders. It provides the procedures for determining the changes both in the physical state of a thermosetting coating powder and in its chemical reactivity, together with its capacity to form a satisfactory final coating.
ISO 15528:2020
Paints, varnishes and raw materials for paints and varnishes - Sampling
This document specifies procedures for the sampling of paints and varnishes, including coating powders, and raw materials used in their manufacture. Such products include liquids and materials which, without undergoing chemical modification, are capable of being liquefied when heated up, and powdered, granulated and pasty materials. Samples can be taken from containers, for example cans, drums, tanks, tank wagons or ships' tanks, as well as from barrels, sacks, big-bags, silos or silo wagons or conveyor belts. This document does not deal with the sample preparation for testing or reduction of the samples thus taken, which is dealt with in ISO 1513.
ISO 8130-10:2021
Coating powders - Part 10: Determination of deposition efficiency
This document specifies a method for determining the mass fraction in per cent (%) of a sprayed coating powder which is deposited on a test item under known spray gun and environmental conditions. The method is applicable to powders applied by corona or tribo charging and can be used to compare the deposition efficiency of different powders with the same or different gun with the same powder. This method is only used for comparison when powders or guns are evaluated consecutively, as the influence of the environment and the equipment can vary significantly with time and location.
ISO 8130-11:2019
Coating powders - Part 11: Inclined-plane flow test
This document specifies a comparative method for determining the flow characteristic of a fused thermosetting coating powder down a plane inclined at a set angle to the horizontal. The aim of the test method described in this document gives an indication of the degree of melt flow that can occur during the curing of the coating powder. This characteristic contributes to the surface appearance and to the degree of coverage over sharp edges. The test is a comparative method for checking for batch to batch variation in the behaviour of a given coating powder. Correlation between the results from coating powders of differing composition is not to be expected. This method is not suitable for coating powders which have gel times of less than 1 min at the test temperature when characterised according to ISO 8130 6. This method is also not suitable for textured powders.
ISO 8130-12:2019
Coating powders - Part 12: Determination of compatibility
This document specifies a visual method to determine the deterioration of surface quality of the final coating when mixing two different coating powders. The surface quality will depend on the following characteristics of the coating powders: a) the chemical reactivity; b) the chemical composition; c) the melt properties. The onset of the incompatibility in appearance, its nature and its extent will depend greatly on the ratio in which the powders are mixed. The nature of the incompatibility in surface appearance can manifest itself in various ways, described in Clause 8. This test is useful in predicting the possibility of incompatibility arising from mixing different powders both during the manufacturing process and during the application of the coating powder. This document concerns only changes in visual aspects of the coating. The mixture series can also be used for testing properties such as mechanical properties, chemical properties, corrosive properties and resistance against UV radiation. Further properties can be agreed between interested parties.
ISO 8130-13:2019
Coating powders - Part 13: Particle size analysis by laser diffraction
This document specifies a method for the determination of the equivalent-sphere particle size distribution of coating powders by laser diffraction, for particles of the size range from 1 µm to 300 µm. NOTE There is a possibility that particle sizes 300 µm need the use of a different optical model. This document is specific for the measurement of coating powders and also draws attention to ISO 13320, which provides guidance on instrument qualification and particle size distribution. Laser diffraction is not suitable for determining oversize material, which can be verified by sieve analysis as described in ISO 8130 1 or by dynamic image analysis as described in ISO 13322 2.
ISO 8130-14:2019
Coating powders - Part 14: Vocabulary
This document defines special terms used in the field of coating powders. Other terms and definitions related to paints and varnishes are given in ISO 4618.
