Land Surveying
Land surveying standards are published by ASTM and ISO. This list includes the ISO 17123 series, which covers topics relating to a wide variety of surveying equipment, such as optics for testing geodetic and surveying instruments. These specific tools require knowledge of theodolites, EDM measurements to reflectors, rotating lasers, optical plumbing instruments, GNSS measurements, and others. The ASTM standards cover other topics that are related to measuring sound levels around a site boundary and inspecting various types of pavements. Lastly, the list includes standards from NACE and ASCE related to evaluating underground pipes and geomatics engineering.
ASTM E1014-12(2021)
Standard Guide for Measurement of Outdoor A-Weighted Sound Levels
1.1 This guide covers the measurement of A-weighted sound levels outdoors at specified locations or along particular site boundaries, using a general purpose sound-level meter.
1.2 Three distinct types of measurement surveys are described:
1.2.1 Survey around a site boundary,
1.2.2 Survey at a specified location,
1.2.3 Survey to find the maximum sound level at a specified distance from a source.
1.3 The data obtained using this guide are presented in the form of either time-average sound levels (abbreviation TAV and symbol LAT, also known as equivalent sound level or equivalent continuous sound level abbreviated LEQ and with symbol LAeqT ) or A-weighted percentile levels (symbol LX).
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
ASTM D6433-23
Standard Practice for Roads and Parking Lots Pavement Condition Index Surveys
1.1This practice covers the determination of roads and parking lots pavement condition through visual surveys using the pavement condition index (PCI) method of quantifying pavement condition.
1.2The PCI represents the collective judgement of pavement maintenance engineers and is an indirect measurement of pavement structural integrity (not capacity) and pavement functional condition indicators such as roughness. The PCI is not intended to replace the direct measurement of ride, structural capacity, or friction.
1.3The PCI for roads and parking lots was developed by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (1, 2).2 It is further verified and adopted by DOD and APWA.
1.4The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.5This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 6.
1.6This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
ASTM D5340-20
Standard Test Method for Airport Pavement Condition Index Surveys
1.1 This test method covers the determination of airport pavement condition through visual surveys of asphalt-surfaced pavements, including porous friction courses and plain or reinforced jointed portland cement concrete pavements, using the Pavement Condition Index (PCI) method of quantifying pavement condition.
1.2 The PCI is a measurement of the collective judgement of pavement maintenance engineers. It directly relates to M&R needs and indirectly to pavement structural integrity and functional condition indicators. The PCI is not intended to replace the direct measurement of roughness, structural capacity, texture, or friction.
1.3 The PCI for airport pavements was developed by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers through the funding provided by the U.S. Air Force (1-3).2 It is further verified and adopted by FAA (4) and the U.S. Naval Facilities Engineering Command (5).
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 6.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
ASTM D7954/D7954M-22a
Standard Practice for Moisture Surveying of Roofing and Waterproofing Systems Using Nondestructive Electrical Impedance Scanners
1.1This practice applies to techniques that use nondestructive electrical impedance (EI) scanners to locate moisture and evaluate the comparative moisture content within insulated low-slope roofing and waterproofing systems.
1.2This practice is applicable to roofing and waterproofing systems wherein insulation is placed above the deck and positioned underneath and in contact with electrically nonconductive single-ply or built-up roofing and waterproofing membranes and systems such as coal tar, asphalt, modified bitumen, thermoplastics, spray polyurethane foam, and similar electrically nonconductive membrane materials. This practice is also applicable to roofing and waterproofing systems without insulation placed above moisture absorbing decks such as wood, concrete, or gypsum, that are in contact with single-ply or built-up roofing and waterproofing membranes as described above.
1.3This practice is applicable to roofing and waterproofing systems incorporating electrically nonconductive rigid board insulation made from materials such as organic fibers, perlite, cork, fiberglass, wood-fiber, polyisocyanurate, polystyrene, phenolic foam, composite boards, gypsum substrate boards, and other electrically nonconductive roofing and waterproofing systems such as spray-applied polyurethane foam.
1.4This practice is not appropriate for all combinations of materials used in roofing and waterproofing systems.
1.4.1Metal and other electrically conductive surface coverings and near-surface embedded metallic components are not suitable for surveying with impedance scanners because of the electrical conductivity of these materials.
1.4.2This practice is not appropriate for use with black EPDM, any membranes containing black EPDM, or black EPDM coatings because black EPDM gives false positive readings.
1.4.3Aluminum foil on top-faced insulation, roofing, or waterproofing membranes gives a false positive reading and is not suitable for surveying with impedance scanners; however, liquid-applied aluminum pigmented emulsified asphalt-based coatings shall not normally affect impedance scanner readings.
1.4.3.1This practice is not appropriate for use with aluminium foil faced modified bitumen membranes, as the electrical conductivity of the aluminium foil surface can give false positive readings.
1.4.4While their overburden remains in place, this practice is not appropriate for use with inverted roof membrane assemblies (IRMAs) or protected roof assemblies (PRMAs), which contain above the deck waterproof membrane and overburden that may include insulation, drainage components, pavers, aggregate, ballast, vegetation, or combinations thereof, because the impedance scanner will not differentiate between above and below the membrane moisture.
1.4.5See A1.4 for some cautionary notes on roofing anomalies and limitations that affect the impedance test practice.
1.5Moisture scanners using impedance-based technology are classified as EI scanners.
Note 1:The term capacitance is sometimes used when describing impedance scanners. Capacitance scanners are purely capacitive as they do not have a resistive component. Impedance scanners combine both capacitance and resistance for testing; thus, they are well suited to the measurement of different types of materials and constructions found in roofing and waterproofing systems as the combination of both components allows for a more versatile testing, calibration, and measurement arrangement.
1.6This practice also addresses necessary verification of impedance data involving invasive test procedures using core samples.
1.7This practice addresses two generally accepted scanning techniques for conducting moisture surveys using electrical impedance scanners:
1.7.1Technique A - Continuous systematic scanning and recording (see 8.2), and
1.7.2Technique B - Grid format scanning and recording (see 8.3).
1.8This practice addresses some meteorological conditions and limitations for performing impedance inspections.
1.9This practice addresses the effect of the roofing or waterproofing construction, material differences, and exterior surface conditions on the moisture inspections.
1.10This practice addresses operating procedures, operator qualifications, operating methods, scanning, surveying, and recording techniques.
1.11Units - The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.
1.12This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Caution should be taken when accessing, walking, or using scanning equipment on the roofing or waterproofing surfaces, or elevated locations, when using ladders, and when raising and lowering equipment to elevated locations.
1.13This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
ISO 17123-1:2014
Optics and optical instruments - Field procedures for testing geodetic and surveying instruments - Part 1: Theory
ISO 17123-1:2014 gives guidance to provide general rules for evaluating and expressing uncertainty in measurement for use in the specifications of the test procedures of ISO 17123‑2, ISO 17123‑3, ISO 17123‑4, ISO 17123‑5, ISO 17123‑6, ISO 17123‑7 and ISO 17123‑8.
ISO 17123-1:2014 is a simplified version based on ISO/IEC Guide 98‑3 and deals with the problems related to the specific field of geodetic test measurements.
ISO 17123-2:2001
Optics and optical instruments - Field procedures for testing geodetic and surveying instruments - Part 2: Levels
This part of ISO 17123 specifies field procedures to be adopted when determining and evaluating the precision of levels (spirit levels, compensator levels, digital levels) and their ancillary equipment when used in building and surveying measurements. Primarily, these tests are intended to be field verifications of the suitability of a particular instrument for the immediate task at hand and to satisfy the requirements of other standards. They are not proposed as tests for acceptance or performance evaluations that are more comprehensive in nature.
This International Standard can be thought of as one of the first steps in the process of evaluating the uncertainty of a measurement (more specifically a measurand). The uncertainty of a result of a measurement is dependent on a number of factors. These include among others: repeatability, reproducibility (between day repeatability) and a thorough assessment of all possible error sources, as prescribed by the ISO Guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement (GUM).
These field procedures have been developed specifically for in situ applications without the need for special ancillary equipment and are purposely designed to minimize atmospheric influences.
ISO 17123-3:2001
Optics and optical instruments - Field procedures for testing geodetic and surveying instruments - Part 3: Theodolites
This part of ISO 17123 specifies field procedures to be adopted when determining and evaluating the precision (repeatability) of theodolites and their ancillary equipment when used in building and surveying measurements. Primarily, these tests are intended to be field verifications of the suitability of a particular instrument for the immediate task at hand and to satisfy the requirements of other standards. They are not proposed as tests for acceptance or performance evaluations that are more comprehensive in nature.
This part of ISO 17123 can be thought of as one of the first steps in the process of evaluating the uncertainty of a measurement (more specifically a measurand). The uncertainty of a result of a measurement is dependent on a number of factors. These include among others: repeatability (precision), reproducibility (between day repeatability), traceability (an unbroken chain to national standards) and a thorough assessment of all possible error sources, as prescribed by the ISO Guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement (GUM).
These field procedures have been developed specifically for in situ applications without the need for special ancillary equipment and are purposefully designed to minimize atmospheric influences.
ISO 17123-5:2018
Optics and optical instruments - Field procedures for testing geodetic and surveying instruments - Part 5: Total stations
ISO 17123-5:2018 specifies field procedures to be adopted when determining and evaluating the precision (repeatability) of coordinate measurement of total stations and their ancillary equipment when used in building and surveying measurements. Primarily, these tests are intended to be field verifications of the suitability of a particular instrument for the immediate task at hand and to satisfy the requirements of other standards. They are not proposed as tests for acceptance or performance evaluations that are more comprehensive in nature.
These field procedures have been developed specifically for in situ applications without the need for special ancillary equipment and are purposely designed to minimize atmospheric influences.
ISO 17123-6:2022
Optics and optical instruments - Field procedures for testing geodetic and surveying instruments - Part 6: Rotating lasers
This document specifies field procedures to be adopted when determining and evaluating the precision (repeatability) of rotating lasers and their ancillary equipment when used in building and surveying measurements for levelling tasks. Primarily, these tests are intended to be field verifications of the suitability of a particular instrument for the immediate task at hand and to satisfy the requirements of other standards. They are not proposed as tests for acceptance or performance evaluations that are more comprehensive in nature.
This document can be considered as one of the first steps in the process of evaluating the uncertainty of a measurement (more specifically a measurand). The uncertainty of a result of a measurement is dependent on a number of parameters. Therefore this document differentiates between different measures of accuracy and objectives in testing, like repeatability and reproducibility (between-day repeatability), and of course gives a thorough assessment of all possible error sources, as prescribed by ISO/IEC Guide 98 3 and ISO 17123 1.
These field procedures have been developed specifically for in situ applications without the need for special ancillary equipment and are purposefully designed to minimize atmospheric influences.
ISO 17123-7:2005
Optics and optical instruments - Field procedures for testing geodetic and surveying instruments - Part 7: Optical plumbing instruments
ISO 17123-7:2005 specifies field procedures to be adopted when determining and evaluating the precision (repeatability) of optical plumbing instruments and their ancillary equipment, when used in building and surveying measurements. ISO 17123-7:2005 is not applicable to optical plummets as a device in tribrachs or in surveying instruments. Primarily, these tests are intended to be field verifications of the suitability of a particular instrument for the immediate task at hand and to satisfy the requirements of other standards. They are not proposed as tests for acceptance or performance evaluations that are more comprehensive in nature.
ISO 17123-7:2005 can be thought of as one of the first steps in the process of evaluating the uncertainty of a measurement (more specifically a measurand). The uncertainty of a result of a measurement is dependent on a number of factors. These include among others: repeatability, reproducibility (between-day repeatability) and a thorough assessment of all possible error sources, as prescribed by the ISO Guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement (GUM).
These field procedures have been developed specifically for in situ applications without the need for special ancillary equipment and are purposefully designed to minimize atmospheric influences and effects of imperfect adjustment of the optical plumbing instrument.
ISO 17123-8:2015
Optics and optical instruments - Field procedures for testing geodetic and surveying instruments - Part 8: GNSS field measurement systems in real-time kinematic (RTK)
ISO 17123-8:2015 specifies field procedures to be adopted when determining and evaluating the precision (repeatability) of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) field measurement systems (this includes GPS, GLONASS, as well as the future systems like GALILEO) in real-time kinematic (GNSS RTK) and their ancillary equipment when used in building, surveying, and industrial measurements. Primarily, these tests are intended to be field verifications of the suitability of a particular instrument for the required application at hand and to satisfy the requirements of other standards. They are not proposed as tests for acceptance or performance evaluations that are more comprehensive in nature.
ISO 17123-9:2018
Optics and optical instruments - Field procedures for testing geodetic and surveying instruments - Part 9: Terrestrial laser scanners
This document specifies field procedures for determining and evaluating the precision (repeatability) of terrestrial laser scanners and their ancillary equipment when used in building, civil engineering and surveying measurements. Primarily, these tests are intended to be field verifications of the suitability of a particular instrument for the immediate task at hand, and to satisfy the requirements of other standards. They are not proposed as tests for acceptance or performance evaluations that are more comprehensive in nature.
This document can be thought of as one of the first steps in the process of evaluating the uncertainty of measurements (more specifically of measurands).
NACE TM0109-2009
Aboveground Survey Techniques for the Evaluation of Underground Pipeline Coating Condition
This standard presents acknowledged procedures for the application of aboveground techniques to evaluate the coating condition of underground metallic pipelines. It is specifically intended to address buried onshore metallic pipelines and is based on available technology and methods that have successfully demonstrated evaluation of the coating condition of buried pipelines. THis standard is maintained by Task Group 294.
ASCE MOP 152-2022
Surveying and Geomatics Engineering
Sponsored by the Surveying Committee of the Surveying and Geomatics Division of the Utility Engineering and Surveying Institute of ASCE
Surveying and Geomatic Engineering: Principles, Technologies, and Applications, MOP 152, is a comprehensive yet general overview to help support education and inform practicing engineers on the important role of the surveying engineer. It provides a much-needed update on the modern practice of surveying and geomatic engineering.
Topics include
- Geodesy,
- Least squares adjustments,
- Error propagation,
- Coordinate systems and transformations,
- Surveying and remote sensing equipment,
- Identification and establishment of control,
- Construction surveying, and
- Best practices.
MOP 152 can be used as a summary and a reference for practicing engineers, surveying and otherwise, to help provide a solid understanding of the state of the surveying and geomatic engineering field.
